Nearsightedness results from,too much curvature of the cornea and lens,too little curvature of the cornea and lens,too much curvature of the iris and lens,too little curvature of the iris and lens,A
Delusions of grandeur are most characteristic of,OCD.,schizophrenia.,conversion disorder.,antisocial personality disorder.,B
Abraham Maslow proposed the idea that some motives are more imperative to survival than others. Which of the following approaches expresses this?,Homeostatic regulation,Goal-setting,Expectancy-value,Hierarchy of needs,D
"In test construction and evaluation, validity refers to the degree to which a test",measures what it purports to measure,yields consistent results on successive administrations,has been piloted and statistically analyzed,includes norms based on a representative sample of the general population,A
The precedent established in Larry P. v. Riles resulted in,"the provision of a free, appropriate public education for students with disabilities",the provision of bilingual education for English-language learners,schools being held responsible for providing tests that do not discriminate on the basis of race,the assignment of similar funding to athletic activities for boys and girls,C
The heritability for traits of a cloned population is,0%,25%,50%,75%,A
Which of the following statistics provides the most information about how spread out a distribution of scores is?,variance,mean,range,median,A
"According to the position statement Supervision in School Psychology published by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), which of the following is most accurate concerning school psychologists who will be supervising in a school district?",They need provide supervision only to school psychologists who are not fully certified or licensed and to any school psychology interns.,They should provide professional but not administrative supervision.,They are eligible to serve as supervisors after one year of experience as a school psychologist.,They should hold the Nationally Certified School Psychologist credential or the state school psychologist credential.,D
"Dan read a list of 30 vocabulary words only once. If he is typical and shows the serial position effect, we would expect that the words he remembers two days later are",at the beginning of the list,in the middle of the list,at the end of the list,distributed throughout the list,A
"Which developmental stage theory explained how experiences in infancy, childhood, adolscence, adulthood, and old age influence later personality characteristics?",Piaget's cognitive development theory,Erikson's psychosocial stage theory,Kohlberg's moral development theory,Ainsworth's social attachment theory,B
The AP Psychology examination given by the College Board in May exemplifies which of the following types of tests?,aptitude,projective,achievement,intelligence,C
Our ability to perceive depth depends primarily on what other perceptual abilities?,proximity and similarity,top-down processing and bottom-up processing,binocular and monocular cues,size and shape constancy,C
A person who sustains major injuries that involve the destruction of the medulla oblongata will,be paralyzed,fall into a coma,suffer severe speech impairment,die,D
Which of the following terms applies to IQ tests?,achievement,standardized,projective,triarchic,B
"Which classical conditioning term best describes the following scenario: Later in his classical conditioning experiments, Ivan Pavlov's dogs began to salivate whenever they heard any sound similar to a bell, such as a doorbell or someone accidentally clinking a water glass.",discrimination,spontaneous recovery,trace conditioning,generalization,D
"Sal meets Petunia for the first time. She is outgoing and funny. He walks away with the opinion that Petunia is a fun person, whereas in actuality Petunia is temporarily gleeful because she just won the lottery. Sal's opinion that Petunia is funny is best explained by",the mere-exposure effect.,self-serving bias.,equipotentiality.,the fundamental attribution error.,D
All of the following are examples of punishment EXCEPT,grounding a teenager for staying out past curfew,spanking a child for misbehavior,permanently revoking the driving privileges of a third-time DWI driver,refusing to return the boss' phone call after not getting the expected raise,D
Which of the following must be done when universal screening data show that very few students are successfully meeting school competencies?,Changes must be made in the delivery of the core program.,Students who are not meeting competencies must be given strategic or supplemental instruction.,Students must be given more time to develop competencies.,Students who are not meeting competencies must be evaluated for learning disabilities.,A
Substances that are toxic to humans often taste,sour,sweet,salty,bitter,D
All public institutions subscribe to all of the following ethical guidelines EXCEPT,avoiding unnecessary deception to humans,avoiding unnecessary pain to humans and other animals,avoiding use of animals when computers are available,protecting confidentiality,C
Which of the following kinds of tests is most likely to be an achievement test?,an IQ test,a classroom test over a chapter in a textbook,an entrance exam for law school,a personality test based on the Big Five personality traits,B
A fetus with the genotype XXY will most likely,result in a miscarriage.,suffer from sterility as an adult.,be color blind.,grow into a depressed adult.,B
"Susan is a first-grade student who is referred to the school psychologist because she will not remain seated at her desk. Her teacher reports that Susan is ""always getting up and walking around the room."" What observation data is LEAST relevant to the referral concern?",Frequency,Duration,Intensity,Peer comparison,C
"In order to prove a psychological theory,",you need to run an experiment.,you need to find statistically significant results.,you must replicate your findings.,it is impossible to prove a theory.,D
Research indicates that which of the following factors most influence a person's sexual orientation?,parenting style,masculine/feminine personality traits,hormones released in the womb,sexual orientation of parents,C
Which of the following usually increases with age in healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 70?,fluid intelligence,crystallized intelligence,g,speededness,B
The left cerebral hemisphere is specialized for which of the following functions?,"verbal, mathematical, and recognizing emotional expressions","mathematical, spatial, and musical","verbal, analytic, and mathematical","mathematical, spatial, and analytic",C
Runners in a park were found to pick up their pace when another runner came into view; this finding illustrates the phenomenon of,social facilitation.,conformity.,deindividuation.,norms.,A
"A researcher tests the problem solving skills of twenty 10-year-old, twenty 20-year-old, and twenty 30-year-old participants for a study on age and problem solving. What research method is this researcher using?",longitudinal,stage,developmental,cross-sectional,D
"Bessie could barely detect sweetness in a sip of water from a pitcher in which one quarter of a teaspoon of water was mixed into a half gallon of water. For taste, this is Bessie's",absolute threshold,difference threshold,subliminal stimulation,distal stimulus,A
"During assigned seat-work time, Mary, a firstgrade student, sometimes leaves her seat and attempts to play with a block collection. When she leaves her seat, she fails to complete her seat work. Which of the following behavioral intervention strategies will most effectively increase the long-term likelihood that Mary will complete her seat work?",Allowing Mary to read from a teacherselected book for a specific period of time before beginning her seat work,Allowing Mary to play with the blocks afterward if she remains in her seat throughout the assigned seat-work time,Explaining to Mary the value of completing seat work in terms of the objectives of the lesson,Removing the blocks from the classroom during the assigned seat-work time,B
Which of the following are most directly designed to help determine whether the findings of a study reflect a truly replicable phenomenon rather than the outcomes of chance processes?,Inferential statistics,Descriptive statistics,Standard deviation,Extraneous variables,A
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called,prejudice,ethnocentrism,in-group bias,discrimination,A
"Calvin's fear of dogs was so great that he could not even visit his friends who had dogs or who lived in a neighborhood that had a lot of dogs. Once he sought help, he worked to overcome this fear first by witnessing his counselor playing with a dog and then, after a while, by actually touching and petting a dog himself. The method used to help Calvin overcome his fears is known as",countertransference,peer-counselor alliance,rational-emotive therapy,systematic desensitization,D
"Mr. Gordon suffered damage to the back of his right frontal lobe. As a result, he is unable to",understand information he hears,understand information he reads,speak intelligibly,move his left hand,D
"During the manic phase of a bipolar disorder, individuals are most likely to experience",high self-esteem,delusions of persecution,uncontrollable grief and despair,visual hallucinations,A
"According to Kohlberg, at the third (postconventional) level of moral development, individuals",follow rules in order to obtain reward,follow rules in order to avoid punishment,"define what is right by what they have learned from others, especially authority figures",self-define principles that may or may not match the dominant morals of the times,D
"To which perspective are the roles of knowledge, information processing, and their interactions most central?",Psychoanalytic,Cognitive,Behaviorist,Evolutionary,B
Which of the following is primarily a chemical sense?,Touch,Vision,Taste,Hearing,C
"A 7-year-old student arrived in the United States one year ago from a non-Englishspeaking country, where she achieved high scores in reading. Over the year, she has become fluent in social English. After a few months in a monolingual English second grade, her teacher refers her for evaluation because she has great difficulty with the basal reader used in the class. Two English proficiency tests administered to the student show that she performs above the mean for monolingual English grade peers in speaking and listening but well below the mean in reading and writing. She also performs well above the mean for grade peers on reading tests in her native language. Based on this information alone, which of the following is the most accurate interpretation?",Continued use of the student's native language in her home environment is interfering with her development of English.,The student's reading difficulty is an early indicator that she will have increased academic problems as her coursework requires more reading.,The discrepancy between the student's English social language skills and reading skills is expected given the richer context in which social skills are acquired., The discrepancy between the student's native language reading skills and English reading skills is related to the greater complexity of English.,C
The limbic system plays an important role in,maintaining balance.,regulating emotion.,monitoring arousal.,processing sensory information.,B
"To demonstrate causation, a researcher must",manipulate the way a participant responds to some aspect of a situation,operationalize dependent and independent variables,develop a hypothesis that predicts the relationship between variables,show that the manipulation of one variable invariably leads to predicted changes in another,D
A special diet can prevent the expression of the trait for,Tay-Sachs syndrome,PKU (phenylketonuria),Huntington's disease,Down syndrome,B
Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?,describing the taste of the cake at your last birthday party,remembering how to tie a tie,recalling the name of your junior high school shop teacher,recognizing a celebrity,B
"After collecting and analyzing the responses of 2,000 randomly selected study participants, Adeel finds that college juniors who work at paying jobs 15 hours a week get higher grades than juniors who don't have paying jobs or who work full time. Which of the following research methods did Adeel use?",experimental,naturalistic observation,case study,survey,D
"Nat's therapist tells him to relax, close his eyes, and breathe slowly whenever he begins to experience fear associated with being in an enclosed space. The therapist is using a technique that is central to",person-centered therapy,psychoanalysis,rational-emotive therapy,systematic desensitization,D
Periods of special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shape the capacity for future development are known as,maturation periods,critical periods,primary development periods,secondary development periods,B
Areas of the brain that are damaged are referred to as having,brain lesions,hemispheres,brain lobes,cortical adhesions,A
Which of the following best summarizes a view of classical behaviorism?,"Behavior is under the control of external stimuli that either reinforce or punish actions, thereby affecting the likelihood of the occurrence of these behaviors.",Behavior can be controlled by introspection.,Behavior is the result of competing motives that result from mental events that occur outside of one's awareness.,Behavior is influenced by internal drives and motivation.,A
"A sixth-grade teacher is concerned because Kerry, a student in class, has been hostile to classmates. Which of the following teacher strategies is most likely to encourage Kerry to be more cooperative with classmates?",Preventing Kerry from participating in play or recess activities as a consequence of hostile behavior,Having Kerry memorize rules of behavior and write examples of how they would apply in the classroom,Withholding attention or approval from Kerry in response to hostile behavior,Implementing social skills training to teach Kerry appropriate replacement behaviors for hostile behaviors,D
Daniel is a toddler who lags behind his peers in terms of speech development. He avoids eye contact with people and resists alterations to routine. Daniel is most likely to be diagnosed with,Down syndrome.,fetal alcohol syndrome.,mental retardation.,autism.,D
Garcia and Koelling's research regarding learned aversions established that which of the following UCS and CS pairs are the most powerful and learned most quickly?,performing a task and receiving a food reward,nausea and food or drink,movement and shock,punishments and rewards,B
Which structure is found in the inner ear?,hammer,basilar membrane,tympanic membrane,pinna,B
Psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder?,schizophrenic,anxiety,mood,dissociative,D
"Although a man watched in horror as his wife and children were killed by a speeding truck as they crossed the street, he has no memory of the event and gets upset when people tell him he must remember. The man is most likely suffering from",panic disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder,dissociative amnesia,bipolar disorder,C
"Michelle watches David Letterman on television, but doesn't recognize him when she walks past him in Manhattan. Which effect on perception does this best illustrate?",convergence,context,proximity,closure,B
"In a meeting with the school psychologist, Ms. Harcar, a new sixth-grade teacher, expresses some concerns about a student, Anthony. The school psychologist has worked with the boy and knows him well. Anthony has a mild learning disability and receives academic support. He is doing well on a daily basis but has difficulty performing on tests. The school psychologist discusses ways in which Ms. Harcar could incorporate study-skills training into classroom activities. With regard to study-skills training, the school psychologist should stress which of the following principles while advising Ms. Harcar?","The study skills of students with disabilities are improved when they are given a single, specific study strategy to follow for all subjects.",Students with disabilities often develop study skills on their own and need only some guidance and reinforcement by the teacher.,Training in study skills needs to include helping students to guide their own thinking to organize their own study behaviors and to use varied study approaches.,Study strategies are best taught in a small group by having students practice collaborative problem-solving activities modeled by the teacher.,C
"In class, John's teacher tells him that she will give him the coin and bill for each picture he can correctly identify on the face of the penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half-dollar, dollar bill, and five-dollar bill. John cannot identify any of them although he has been handling money for 17 years. His inability to remember the pictures most likely results from",confabulation,failure to reconstruct,failure to encode,deep processing,C
The somatic nervous system is part of the,central nervous system.,peripheral nervous system.,autonomic nervous system.,parasympathetic nervous system.,B
Professor Ek is interested in studying online bullying behaviors of middle school students. Which of the following research method choices (and the rationale for the choice) is the most appropriate?,Experiment-the most convenient and ethical way to study online bullying is to randomly assign half of the participants to a group who experiences the independent variable (online bullying).,"Correlation-it would be unethical to purposefully expose middle school students to bullying behaviors, so Professor Ek should examine variables that correlate with existing instances of online bullying.","Naturalistic observation-observing instances of online bullying by monitoring middle school students' social networking behavior would provide the most accurate data and not raise important privacy concerns, because social networks are considered ""public"" space.",Survey-self-reports about online bullying behaviors and responses to these behaviors would likely provide the most accurate descriptions of bullying and its impact.,B
"In the rock opera Tommy, Tommy becomes deaf and blind after witnessing a terrible murder, although there is nothing organically wrong with his ears or eyes. Tommy is suffering from",panic disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder,conversion disorder,obsessive-compulsive disorder,C
"The ""c"" in the word cat is best described as a",phoneme.,morpheme.,holophrase.,syllable.,A
"Xavier is beginning his first year of college. He is eager to find a few other freshmen to ""hang out"" with. Psychologists would say that Xavier is motivated by a(n)",fraternization need,assimilation need,attachment need,affiliation need,D
Research indicates that a test participant exposed to a list of positive words and then asked to recall the words from that list a week later will be more likely to remember those words if he,is tested by a researcher who deliberately exhibits a positive attitude,is in a positive mood when initially exposed to the words,"considers himself a ""positive"" person, regardless of his mood during the experience",considers the initial testing experience positive,B
All of the following are characteristic of physiological arousal EXCEPT,dilation of the pupils,increase in salivation,increase in perspiration,increase in secretion of stress hormones,B
What color are the shortest electromagnetic waves humans can see?,green,violet,red,orange,B
One cause of the deinstitutionalization of many psychiatric patients in the mid-1900s was,an increase in government funding.,the movement for the rights of the mentally ill.,the creation of new medications.,an improvement in psychotherapy.,C
Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your car?,olfactory receptors,gustatory receptors,feature detectors,basilar membrane,A
Garcia and Koelling's research regarding learned aversions established that which of the following UCS and CS pairs are the most powerful and learned most quickly?,performing a task and receiving a food reward,nausea and food or drink,movement and shock,punishments and rewards,B
"A school psychologist is providing feedback to a student's parents regarding the student's performance on a measure of academic achievement. To explain the concept of grade equivalent, the school psychologist should explain that it is",the average score on that measure obtained by students in a given grade,the average score on that measure obtained by students at a given age,the grade in which a student should be placed in school,utilized to determine accountability among peers,A
Which of the following types of data involves counting the number of occurrences of a behavior observed during a specified time period?,Duration recording,Latency recording,Event recording,Whole-interval recording,C
Which of the following structures is located at the most central and protected part of the brain?,somato-sensory cortex,cerebellum,cerebral cortex,medulla,D
Abnormal behavior can be defined as maladaptive behavior according to,biologists,behaviorists,psychoanalysts,humanists,B
Which personality theory is criticized for having an unrealistically optimistic view of human nature?,cognitive,biological,humanistic,trait,C
"""Get cookie,"" best exemplifies",babbling,cooing,holophrases,telegraphic speech,D
"What area of psychology focuses on the study of subjective well-being, optimism, and happiness?",psychometrics,human factors psychology,social psychology,positive psychology,D
"A disorder characterized by delusions of persecution, hallucinations, and disordered thinking is",paranoid schizophrenia,anorexia nervosa,conversion disorder,hypochondriasis,A
Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?,The anxiety reaction of a woman who is driving on the highway for the first time after being involved in a major accident on that highway,The frightened cry of a baby who is disoriented upon waking up from a nap,The uncontrollable blinking of a contact lens wearer who has just gotten something in his eye,The startled cry of a child who has just been awakened in the middle of the night by a loud clap of thunder,A
Which of the following disorders is most likely related to the amount of light to which a susceptible person is exposed?,seasonal affective disorder,claustrophobia,Alzheimer's disease,catatonic schizophrenia,A
Which of the following clinicians most likely follows Carl Rogers's approach to psychotherapy?,"Dr. Jones, who emphasizes the need for modification of undesirable behaviors in his patients","Terence Springer, who counsels individuals to find their inner spirituality and develop their relationship with a supreme being","Cathy Cooper, who is an empathic counselor who encourages clients through unconditional support to find their own path to better health and growth","Utrese Leed, who creates a framework for her patients that defines ideal psychological growth and development and who supports their efforts toward professional achievement",C
Children who suffer brain damage may be able to regain their physical and mental abilities more quickly than older brain damage patients due to which of the following properties of the brain?,contralateral control,Klinefelter's syndrome,effective psychological environment,brain plasticity,D
"Mr. Thomas, a school psychologist, works with Ms. Riddle, a special education teacher, to meet the needs of Mark, a student with autism spectrum disorder. Mr. Thomas does not work with Mark directly; Ms. Riddle acts as his mediator. This collaboration is an example of which consultation model?",Systems,Resource,Triadic,Adaptive learning environments,C
Which of the following approaches emphasizes the importance of people's feelings and views human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking?,biological,behavioral,cognitive,humanistic,D
A pigeon trained to peck at a green light pecks at a yellow light also. This illustrates,generalization,discrimination,extinction,spontaneous recovery,A
The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of,depression,anxiety disorders,neurotransmitters,social circumstances,D
"Javier wants to study the effects on achievement of taking a course in chemistry in the afternoon, rather than in the morning. A teacher has chemistry classes with the same number of students at 8:30 A.M. and 1:00 P.M., and volunteers to participate with her classes. A major problem in this study would be",poor replication,lack of a hypothesis,confounding variables,difficulty in obtaining informed consent,C
Learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to,the Barnum effect.,self-serving bias.,an external locus of control.,unconditional positive regard.,C
Which of the following is the strongest piece of evidence for the idea that animals are capable of developing and using a sophisticated language?,The discovery of physical structures in animal brains are analogous to the language acquisition device in humans.,Primates quickly learn words that result in food rewards.,Systems of communication have been documented in species from honeybees to dolphins.,Apes have been able to use the words they know to express novel concepts.,D
"The scores of Brian's team on the quiz were: 8, 6, 9, 7, 10, 9, 5, 4, 9. The median of the team's scores is",9,8,7.5,7,B
Alpha waves are most closely associated with,the hypnagogic state,Stage 2 sleep,Stage 3 sleep,Stage 4 sleep,A
Which of the following scans can image brain function?,I only,II only,III only,II and III only,C
Memory research indicates that memories may be physically stored in the brain through strengthened connections between brain neurons. What is this process called?,proactive interference,long-term potentiation,state-dependent memory,semantic memory,B
Human senses can be divided into which two major categories based on what the senses gather from the outside world?,sensation and perception,conduction and transduction,energy and chemical,bichromatic and trichromatic,C
"Within a multimethod model of assessment, child interviews are most helpful for which purpose?",Incorporating a strength-based perspective,Meeting legal guidelines for a comprehensive assessment,Providing an accurate timeline of when a problem began and how it changed over time,Establishing rapport to better understand the child's perspective on a problem,D
Which of the following samples would be considered most representative of male college students?,A group of thirty fraternity brothers from Penn State,A random sample taken between classes in the business wing of various universities,"Sixty male members of each class from Princeton, Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, and Columbia",Twenty male members of each class from a cross-section of colleges and universities,D
A person who experiences flashbacks and nightmares after being involved in a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with which psychological disorder?,dissociative identity disorder,bipolar disorder,schizophrenia,post-traumatic stress disorder,D
Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by the,somatosensory cortex,hypothalamus,medulla oblongata,occipital lobes,B
The most widely used self-report inventory for personality assessment is the,MMPI-2,TAT,WAIS-R,Rorschach,A
"In a crisis, the adrenal glands of the body secrete ""emergency"" hormones, while the body prepares for fight-or-flight, directed by",the central nervous system,the somatic nervous system,the sensorimotor nervous system,the sympathetic nervous system,D
"During periods of darkness, the pineal gland in the middle of the brain produces which of the following hormones that is essential to sleep regulation?",Estrogen,Adrenaline,Testosterone,Melatonin,D
"According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) theory, of the following stages, we are most susceptible to disease during",resolution,resistance,alarm,exhaustion,D
Which of the following is a hallucination?,thinking you are President of the United States,being sure that your boss is out to get you,thinking this is 2010,hearing voices that are not actually there,D
"Jupiter pilots his newly created perfectionism scale on a high school psychology class. He returns one month later to administer the same test to the same students, and then he correlates the two sets of results. What is Jupiter probably doing?",checking for outliers,standardizing the test,looking to see if the mean level of perfectionism has changed,measuring the test's reliability,D
"Stranded in a deserted area after a boating accident, Harry was able to survive by eating leaves and insects, and drinking water he boiled in a fire he made. According to Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Harry displayed a high level of which of the following intelligences?",naturalistic,interpersonal,verbal-linguistic,mathematical,A
Someone who is unable to encode new memories is said to suffer from,overgeneralization.,belief bias.,state-dependent memory.,anterograde amnesia.,D
"According to cognitive theorist Jean Piaget, children in which of the following stages of cognitive development are egocentric, or unable to understand another person's perspective?",Sensorimotor,Preoperational,Concrete operational,Formal operational,B
Nell decides not to throw her stuffed animal in the toilet after she witnesses her brother Matthew being punished for putting his stuffed animal in the toilet. Nell's decision exemplifies,prepared conditioning,tutelage,scheduled reinforcement,vicarious learning,D
B. F. Skinner was well known for his work involving the,biological perspective,behavioral perspective,cognitive perspective,psychodynamic perspective,B
"Answering multiple-choice questions is often easier than answering fill-in or completion questions, because multiple choice questions",provide more retrieval cues,enhance retention of information,check memorization rather than critical thinking,are definitional rather than conceptual,A
Which of the following psychological disorders is characterized by an abnormally elevated or expansive mood?,Depression,Schizophrenia,Euphoria,Mania,D
"Quinn awoke from a dream, shaking and covered with sweat. When his wife asked him what had happened, he said he had dreamed he was falling to his death. Quinn's experience is often categorized as a",hallucination,phobia,narcoleptic event,nightmare,D
The case study of Phineas Gage's brain injury was significant for which of the following reasons?,Gage's accident was one of the first to be treated with drugs that alter the neurotransmitters in the brain.,It was one of the first well-documented examples of a specific brain area being associated with a set of physical and emotional changes.,This accident provided psychiatrists with one of the first opportunities to treat a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapeutic techniques.,The CAT scan was used for the first time in the Phineas Gage case to document the extent of brain injury.,B
"What is the mode of the following set of scores? 70, 70, 80, 80, 60, 60, 50, 90, 90, 90",74,75,90,40,C
"The ability to perceive your front door as a rectangle even when it is open, displaying a different retinal image is known as",color constancy,closure,shape constancy,size constancy,C
It has been suggested that learned helplessness may be related to,major depressive disorder.,paranoia.,obsessive-compulsive disorder.,paraphilias.,A
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream is most likely to make him want to,engage in risky behavior.,pursue a romantic interest.,eat a meal.,study to improve his grades.,C
"Tonya runs into an old schoolmate on the street. During their brief conversation, Tonya is unable to recall the schoolmate's name. Days later, she remembers the name out of the blue. To remember the name ""out of the blue"" is an example of",tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon,chunking,deductive reasoning,inductive reasoning,A
"In a number of experiments, Elizabeth Loftus has shown that the wording of a question can affect participants' recall of an incident. These studies best illustrate",the reconstructive nature of memory.,the serial position effect.,the rate at which people forget information.,the role of the cerebellum in memory.,A
The scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior is called,biology,psychology,cognition,scientific method,B
Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner disagreed about how children acquire language. Which of the following concepts is most relevant to the differences between their theories?,phonemes,morphemes,linguistic relativity hypothesis,language acquisition device,D
"Which type of assessment attempts to identify the most pressing behavioral problem, and possible ways to alleviate it, by investigating the relationship between aspects of an individual's environment and behavior?",Personality,Cognitive,Ecological,Curriculum-based,C
Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus,precedes the unconditioned stimulus,succeeds the unconditioned stimulus,evokes the conditioned response,no longer evokes the conditioned response,D
How would Piaget describe the process of learning something new using terminology from his cognitive development theory?,"When we can't assimilate new information, we change our schemas through accommodation.","As we encounter new social situations, we either develop healthy or unhealthy personality characteristics in order to cope with social demands.","Humans develop increasing abilities to think about moral choices, and our ability to think about the rights of others develops over time.",Rewards and punishments for behaviors are the major influence on learning in humans.,A
Which of the following best states why the study of twins is significant to the field of behavioral genetics?,"If a psychological attribute is genetically influenced, then fraternal twins are more likely to share this attribute than are identical twins or other siblings.","If a psychological attribute is genetically influenced, then siblings reared together are more likely to share it than are identical or fraternal twins who are reared apart.",The degree of relatedness in MZ twins can be determined through studying the behavioral genetics of related DZ twins.,"If a psychological attribute is genetically influenced, then identical twins are more likely to share this attribute than are fraternal twins and other siblings.",D
Which of the following questions best frames the nature-nurture controversy?,To what degree is human behavior a result of free will versus determinism?,To what degree do external conditioning stimuli override individual loci of focus in regard to human behavior?,To what degree does the human capacity to nurture its young parallel other species in nature?,To what degree do inborn biological processes versus environmental events determine human behavior?,D
"According to social learning theory, gender identity results primarily from",chromosomal differences in the sex chromosomes and hormones secreted during prenatal development,resolution of the Oedipal complex resulting in identification with the same-sex parent,observation and imitation of significant role models,consistent reinforcement of gender-appropriate behaviors and punishment of gender-inappropriate behaviors,C
"In the nature versus nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with",environment.,culture.,learning.,temperament.,D
Tests that have been pretested with a sample of the population for whom the test is intended and have a uniform set of instructions and administration procedures are,valid,standardized,reliable,fair,B
"To save the expense of purchasing a new test form, a chief school administrator asks a certified school psychologist to administer a six-year-old form of an achievement test that agreed with the curriculum of the school district at that time. Considering the situation and the Principles for Professional Ethics of the National Association of School Psychologists' (NASP) the school psychologist should",administer the outdated form but use new norms,ask that at least a few copies of the new form be administered for comparison,insist on administering only the most recent form of the test,recommend that the assessment be canceled,C
"If arrested for committing a crime, who of the following would be most likely to be declared legally insane?","Aaron, who suffers symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia","Brett, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder","Clara, who suffers symptoms of zoophobia","Don, who has symptoms of hypochondriasis",A
What is the first step in any example of classical conditioning?,Following a response with a reinforcement or a punishment,Reinforcing an organism for a behavior similar to the desired behavior,Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus,"Rewarding a behavior with an unconditioned stimulus, such as food",C
Which of the following accurately states the order of the transmission of visual information?,Optic nerve; ganglion cells; bipolar cells; rods and cones,Bipolar cells; ganglion cells; fovea; optic nerve,Rods and cones; retina; optic nerve; ganglion cells,Rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve,D
"As a result of an accident, Abdul lost sight in his right eye. To judge the distance of vehicles when he is driving, Abdul is able to rely on cues of",I only,II only,III only,I and II only,D
Certain cross-cultural studies have suggested that six facial expressions are recognized by people of virtually every culture. Which of the following correctly lists these expressions?,"Happiness, sadness, anger, loathing, lust, and surprise","Happiness, sadness, indifference, fright, surprise, and dislike","Happiness, sadness, desire, repulsion, fear, and surprise","Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust",D
The brainstem is comprised of the,forebrain and RAS.,hindbrain and midbrain.,cerebellum and cerebrum.,right and left hemispheres.,B
An artist doing a pencil drawing could use which of the following techniques to add depth to her or his drawing?,retinal disparity,convergence,closure,linear perspective,D
A musician's ability to make a distinction between two very similar pitches depends on which of the following concepts?,absolute threshold,signal detection theory,bottom-up processing,difference threshold,D
"When Antoinette comes home to her apartment, people suddenly jump out towards her. Her heart begins to race and she shrieks. Once she recognizes that it is her friends throwing a surprise party, rather than ninjas, her heart continues to race, but she experiences happiness. Which theory of emotions best explains this fact?",Cannon-Bard,Schachter-Singer,James-Lange,Erikson-Balint,B
Studying a few subjects in great depth to investigate a rare condition is known as,an experiment,a case study,naturalistic observation,correlational research,B
Which theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists most likely to support?,social facilitation theory,two-factor theory,thalamic theory,James-Lange theory,B
Narcotics work because they are chemically very similar to,endorphins,hormones,secretions,GABA,A
"Which of the following contributes most directly to people's exaggerated perceptions of the likelihood of air travel disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence?",belief perseverance,the framing effect,overconfidence,the availability heuristic,D
Cognitivists claim that classical conditioning results from,an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response,an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus,an association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response,an expectation of what is coming following the conditioned stimulus,D
A doctor suspects that her patient's language processing area is in the right hemisphere. This would most likely be corroborated by the use of,CAT,MRI,PET,MMPI,C
Mechanical energy is transduced to electrochemical energy by,glandular effectors,muscular effectors,pressure receptors,rods and cones,C
"David collected data on 15 research participants. Their scores were: 42, 38, 14, 13, 12, 12, 11, 11, 11, 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 9. Which of the following statistics best reflects the central tendency of this data set?",standard deviation,correlation coefficient,mode,median,D
The smallest units of meaning in a language are,phonemes,phenotypes,semantics,morphemes,D
"After a neuron has fired,",a resting potential returns,a graded potential is formed,an action potential occurs,hyperpolarization results,C
The rules that govern the placement of words and phrases in a sentence are called,semantics,grammar,syntax,phonemes,C
"Which schedule of reinforcement is followed by Soledad, who answers every e-mail message her friend sends?",fixed ratio,fixed interval,variable ratio,continuous,D
Learned helplessness is an example of the power of,expectation,positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,classical conditioning,A
"After Suzy decided to go to the prom with Dylan, Max was unconsciously furious. Max then channeled all his energies into his artwork. Which defense mechanism is Max using?",displacement,sublimation,rationalization,repression,B
Kohler's studies with apes are seen as demonstrating,the apes' ability to communicate.,that apes are able to use objects from their natural environment as tools.,latent learning in primates.,that learning can occur via insight.,D
An artist doing a pencil drawing could use which of the following techniques to add depth to her or his drawing?,retinal disparity,convergence,closure,linear perspective,D
The role of the outer ear is to,transduce sound waves to stimulate the ossicles,conduct sound by exciting the cilia in the inner ear,protect the eardrum while it transduces sound,collect and focus sounds from the air,D
What would Piaget test in order to determine whether a child is in the pre-operational or concrete operational stage of cognitive development?,object permanence,attachment,concepts of conservation,hypothesis testing,C
"While driving to school, Elise hears about a concert ticket giveaway on the radio. She has to be the seventh caller to win. While pulling over so that she can call in, she repeats the number to herself several times. Elise was using which of the following to remember the phone number?",Iconic memory,Elaborative rehearsal,Chunking,Maintenance rehearsal,D
Which of the following brain structures is most centrally involved in hunger motivation?,cerebellum,medulla,amygdala,hypothalamus,D
"You are given four lists of words to learn: 1, 2, 3, and 4. You must learn list 1, then list 2, etc. Which list(s) would cause proactive interference for remembering list 2?",list 1 only,list 3 only,list 4 only,lists 3 and 4 only,A
The Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity helps explain why,Eskimos have many words relating to snow,parents use a high-pitched voice when speaking to infants,phonemes are not interchangeable with morphemes,cultures have developed different languages,A
The semicircular canals of the inner ear are important for helping a person to maintain,tone quality,melatonin,balance,olfaction,C
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicated that which of the following principles best helps reduce tensions between groups?,superordinate goals,diffusion of responsibility,group polarization,deindividuation,A
Grounding a child for two weeks after the child has misbehaved is an example of,avoidant attachment,negative punishment,compliance learning,negative reinforcement,B
"After watching cartoons in which characters hit, punch, and kick other characters, nursery school students engage in more aggressive behavior than after watching Barney. This observation best supports",psychoanalytic theory,psychodynamic theory,social learning theory,humanistic theory,C
"During cooperative learning, all of the students in Group A members initially were opposed to the death penalty, whereas two of the students in Group B members were opposed to the death penalty and two were in favor of the death penalty. According to research, after an intense discussion within each group about capital punishment, we would expect",both groups would moderate their positions,"Group A members would moderate their positions, but Group B members would retain their original positions","Group A would become more firmly entrenched, while Group B members would moderate their positions","Group A members would retain their original positions, but Group B members would moderate their positions",C
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by which of the following processes?,tolerance,dissociation,activation-synthesis,role theory,A
"Today Susan took a pill for her allergy that raised her blood pressure, caused her heart to beat faster, and raised her body temperature. Now caught in traffic, she feels angry. Yesterday, when she took the pill, she was with her husband. When her blood pressure rose, her heart speeded up, she got hotter, and she felt amorous. This description exemplifies",the adaptation-level phenomenon,two-factor theory,James-Lange theory,Cannon-Bard theory,B
"Children develop internal representational systems that allow them verbally to describe people, events, and feelings during which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?",Sensorimotor,Preoperational,Symbolic,Concrete operational,B
"Chantal says that her mother is domineering and overbearing. All of Chantal's friends agree that she is the one that has these characteristics, not her mother. Freud would suggest that Chantal's behavior exemplifies which of the following defense mechanisms?",Repression,Regression,Projection,Displacement,C
Which of the following terms describes the behavioral component of negative attitudes toward particular groups?,Bias,Conditioning,Catharsis,Discrimination,D
A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus during,acquisition trials,generalization,extinction trials,spontaneous recovery,A
"Which of the following is the term used to describe a number of psychotic disorders that involve disturbances in nearly every dimension of human psychology including thought, perception, behavior, and communication?",Schizophrenia,Intellectual disabilities,Dissociative disorder,Depression,A
A severely overweight rat would most likely result from lesioning of the,hippocampus,thalamus,hypothalamus,amygdala,C
"Coach Perry is training Lana to be the kindergarten soccer team's goalie. Coach Perry starts by rolling the ball to Lana slowly so she can stop it; he gradually begins to roll the ball faster and to different parts of the goal, all the while praising her successful attempts. The technique Coach Perry is using is called",the law of effect.,the partial reinforcement effect.,shaping.,second-order conditioning.,C
Turning up the volume on a music player changes which aspect of sound?,amplitude of the wave,frequency of the wave,pitch of the tone,transduction of the tone,A
"The gland sometimes referred to as the ""master gland,"" which regulates much of the action of the other endocrine glands is called the",thyroid gland,pancreas,pituitary gland,adrenal gland,C
Which psychological perspective was most popular at the turn of the twentieth century in Western Europe?,neuroscience,evolutionary,behaviorist,psychoanalytic,D
The most common form of Down syndrome results during sex cell formation and fertilization from,three copies of chromosome 19,three copies of chromosome 21,loss of a chromosome,failure of the separation of XX,B
"Odette is nearing her 70th birthday. Over the last year, she has suffered a loss of appetite and began to experience difficulty sleeping. She has lost interest in her favorite pastimes, gardening and bridge. Odette is most likely to be diagnosed as having",Alzheimer's disease.,seasonal affective disorder.,insomnia and bulimia.,major depressive disorder.,D
What is the principal tool used in all forms of psychotherapy?,talking to a patient,cognitive/behavioral interventions,biomedical/cognitive treatments,somatic therapies,A
"In Pavlov's conditioning of dogs, the point at which the dogs salivated at the sound of the tone without the food being present is referred to as",an unconditioned stimulus,acquisition,discrimination,generalization,B
"According to humanistic psychologists, psychological disorders are most likely caused by",neurochemical imbalances.,unhealthy attributional styles.,learned associations.,unfulfilled needs.,D
"According to the Gestalt organizing principles of perception, when you look at, ""i n car n a t e,"" you tend to notice the word car rather than in, nate, at, or ate, because of",continuity,the phi phenomenon,similarity,proximity,D
Which social psychological principle best explains prejudice?,individualism,collectivism,self-serving bias,in-group bias,D
"One month before finals, Conrad makes a study schedule and begins to review his notes. Two weeks before finals, Conrad is studying for hours each day to prepare. Right after finals at the start of summer vacation, Conrad comes down with the flu. Which of the following theories best explains this chain of events?",Selye's general adaptation syndrome,Yerkes-Dodson law,Thorndike's law of effect,Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory,A
Endorphins are chemicals that,elevate mood and reduce pain,increase alertness and reduce drowsiness,lower or raise the threshold for the firing of neurons,cannot cross the blood-brain barrier,A
A therapist used the Rorschach inkblot test to help him analyze his patient's problems. He was most likely a,psychoanalyst,person-centered therapist,behavioral psychologist,certified clinical social worker,A
People who have previously not gotten along are often able to put aside their differences in the face of a mutual crisis. Their need to work together is often referred to as a(n),communal goal,superordinate goal,subordinate goal,alliance formation,B
Abraham Maslow's hierarachy of needs theorizes that each person is motivated by what?,desire to achieve in the eyes of others,satisfying needs from the next step in the hierarchy,primary (physical) and secondary (emotional) needs,homeostasis needs determined by our inner self,B
"Sanja hears a sound that she recognizes as the front door being shut. In order for her to detect the sound and process it so that she knows what it is, Sanja's ear funnels the sound waves to the inner ear in order to stimulate the cilia of the inner ear. This is a critical step in the process of",auditory transduction,olfactory perception,sensory interaction,decibel cognition,A
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?,food,water,money,sex,C
Which of the following kinds of personality theorists is the most likely to use a projective test?,social-cognitive,behaviorist,humanist,psychoanalyst,D
"Antonia has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit, she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to the process of",discrimination.,generalization.,accommodation.,assimilation.,D
Which sentence most accurately describes how neurons communicate?,Neurons communicate through physical contact between dendrites of one cell and the next cell.,"Electricity passes between neurons, which carries messages between one neuron and another.","Chemicals travel from one neuron to another, influencing whether a neuron will fire or not.",Neurons send messages up the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex through neural reflexes.,C
"Aaron Beck's negative triad of beliefs, which explains the cycle of depression by examining negative thoughts about self and the world, exemplifies what type of therapy?",Psychoanalytic,Cognitive,Humanistic,Behavioral,B
"According to Sigmund Freud, what is the dominant factor determining our personality traits?",secondary drives and needs,genetic and nutritional factors,unconscious conflicts,parenting styles,C
A recent comparison of the intelligence scores of Asian Americans and African Americans on the Stanford-Binet showed that,I only,II only,III only,"I, II, and III",D
"Emotional, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that constitute underlying personality dimensions on which individuals vary are referred to as",traits,moods,temperaments,tenets,A
Someone with brain damage who has difficulty making the muscle movements needed to produce accurate speech might have damage to which area of the brain?,Wernicke's area,hippocampus,Broca's area,amygdala,C
"Lynda is a confident, capable woman who takes responsibility for her own actions. Lynda has a(n)",manic coping strategy,discriminative expectancy,internal locus of control,external locus of control,C
"In a sleep study, a researcher observes that the participant's eyes are beginning to dart as if he were watching a sporting event. The researcher notes that the participant has entered",stage 3 sleep,beta sleep,REM sleep,NREM sleep,C
Which of the following perspectives is most concerned with self-esteem and actualizing one's potential?,humanistic,behavioral,cognitive,psychodynamic,A
What kind of symptom is common among all the somatoform disorders?,inappropriate affect,disconnection from reality and delusions related to personal identity,maladaptive ways of behaving that prevent a person from accomplishing goals,experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause,D
Which of the following was an important technique used by Abraham Maslow and the humanistic psychologists during therapy?,defense mechanisms,factor analysis,unconditional positive regard,somatotype theory,C
The myelin sheath that covers the axons of most neurons serves to do which of the following?,Increase the number of messages a dendrite can receive,Increase the speed with which messages can be transmitted,Maintain the amount of neurotransmitter needed to create an action potential,Decrease the amount of information a dendrite can convey in one firing,B
"A study designed to investigate the friendship patterns of abused children was conducted by filming the interactions of the children and later having three raters view the footage and rate each child's pattern of behavior on a conflictual-behavior scale with values ranging from ""constant conflict"" to ""minimal conflict."" Which of the following kinds of reliability is most critical to this study, given the methodology used to measure the variables?",Coefficient-alpha reliability,Alternate-forms reliability,Inter-rater reliability,Test-retest reliability,C
Students diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are four to nine times more likely to be,females than males,males than females,children than adults,Caucasian children than African American children,B
"According to Erikson, a young adult's developmental crisis centers around",intimacy vs. isolation,identity vs. role confusion,autonomy vs. shame and guilt,industry vs. inferiority,A
Psychoactive substances are drugs that alter consciousness by,inducing the secretion of excitatory hormones into the bloodstream,imitating the behaviors of various pheromones,facilitating or inhibiting neural transmission at the synapse,increasing an individual's hypnotic susceptibility,C
"Two ""cognitive shortcuts"" that can lead to errors in information processing are",the representativeness heuristic and the availability heuristic,inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning,morphemic processing and phonemic processing,prototypic development and fuzzy concept development,A
Which of the following best states a conclusion of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience?,"When faced with a difficult decision, people are more likely to follow the opinions of the crowd than to diverge from those opinions.","When challenged to commit a crime, people will most often refuse if they are not coerced, but will agree if an authority figure coerces them.","When asked to inflict pain on others, people are likely to inflict mild amounts of pain without remorse.","When an authority figure is present, people are more likely to obey orders than to question the wisdom of the orders.",D
Which of the following is an example of a result of operant conditioning?,Milo starts at the sound of a buzzer because it sounds very similar to the alarm clock that wakes him every morning.,Paula is promoted to vice president of her company and vows to not lose touch with her employees.,Rebecca cancels her credit card to avoid paying the annual fee but plans to reinstate it in the new year.,Ashmed speaks louder than usual when he talks to his mother on the phone because she is hard of hearing.,D
Which of the following is a strategy that the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) recommends as a best practice for improving school safety?,Expelling a student immediately after a minor disciplinary infraction,"Implementing a strict student code of conduct, such as a zero-tolerance policy",Communicating to parents that the school environment is safe,Creating a school safety and response team,D
"According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, the first reaction of a person faced with a terminal illness is",acceptance,anger,bargaining,denial,D
Which part of the brain was thought to play the most important role in the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?,thalamus,hippocampus,medulla,association areas,A
"Jacob cries uncontrollably every time his mother takes him down the candy isle in the supermarket and refuses to let him buy anything. Eventually, Jacob's mother gives in and lets him choose one candy item to buy if he stops crying. Jacob's crying behavior is __________________ by his mother.",punished,associated,reinforced,extinguished,C
Research reveals that the most critical factor in Type A behavior associated with heart disease is,anger,competitiveness,sense of time urgency,conscientiousness,A
Which of the following represents the correct order of auditory transmission from the time the sound is first heard to when it is processed in the brain?,Oval window→ cochlea→ tympanic membrane→ auditory nerve→ auditory canal,Auditory canal→ auditory nerve→ cochlea→ tympanic membrane→ ossicles,Tympanic membrane→ oval window→ cochlea→ auditory nerve→ auditory canal,Auditory canal→ ossicles→ oval window→ cochlea→ auditory nerve,D
"Research has shown that people who read a job description written only with male pronouns (e.g., he, his) are more likely to think of an employee as male than people who read a description that uses gender-neutral language (e.g., he or she). This finding is most closely linked to",the linguistic relativity hypothesis.,gender schema theory.,the social role hypothesis.,modeling.,A
"In daylight, objects that reflect all wavelengths of light appear",black,white,dull,ultraviolet,B
Which of the following neurotransmitters is most explicitly associated with the experience of pleasure?,GABA,Acetylcholine,Serotonin,Dopamine,D
The rooting reflex is characterized by neonates,turning their heads toward stimuli when touched on their cheeks,withdrawing from painful stimuli,drawing up legs and arching their backs in response to sudden noises,grasping objects that press against their palms,A
"Which classical conditioning term best describes the following scenario: Later in his classical conditioning experiments, Ivan Pavlov's dogs began to salivate whenever they heard any sound similar to a bell, such as a doorbell or someone accidentally clinking a water glass.",discrimination,spontaneous recovery,trace conditioning,generalization,D
"In a code-based phonic approach to early reading instruction, first-grade students are taught the sounds of the letters b, a, s, and g. According to the theory underlying this approach, which of the following will be most effective as the first sentence for the students to read?",Bob ate a snack.,A dog bit Ann.,Gail has a bag.,Sally was happy.,C
"According to Erikson, those who look back at the end of their lives with regrets and the feeling that their lives have lacked fulfillment evidence unsuccessful resolution of the challenge of",intimacy versus isolation,identity versus role confusion,integrity versus despair,generativity versus stagnation,C
"When first born, humans' dominant sense is",taste.,smell.,touch.,hearing.,D
Light enters the eye through an opening in the,lens.,retina.,iris.,blind spot.,C
Information from the optic nerve is initially processed in what part of the brain?,occipital lobe,hypothalamus,thalamus,hippocampus,C
"According to activation-synthesis theory,",the brain counteracts a strong positive emotion by evoking a negative emotion,dreams result from the mind's attempt to make sense of random neural activity from the brainstem,happiness depends on comparing one's present circumstances with one's past circumstances,particular facial expressions induce particular emotional experiences,B
Which of the following best summarizes why people tend to stay in a slightly elevated state of arousal after a crisis has occurred?,Their neurons remain in a state of graded potentiality even after they have fired.,Their neurons continue to keep the body in an alert state.,Their adrenal glands continue to secrete epinephrine even after the crisis is over.,Their bloodstream continues to contain elevated levels of adrenaline.,D
"According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must",be generous.,believe in God.,be able to take another person's perspective.,have had a successful resolution of the integrity versus despair stage.,C
Which of the following is true regarding lifelong learning and ongoing professional development of school psychologists?,A formal professional development plan should be made and updated annually.,Textbooks from graduate school should be reread annually.,A degree in another field should be pursued.,"A graduate education program should offer adequate preparation for professional practice, so no further training will be needed.",A
The adaptive response of a six-month-old child who shows distress when an attachment figure leaves is known as,attachment anxiety,reactive attachment disorder,object permanence,separation anxiety,D
Shafi cited Tony's and David's 100% math test scores in providing evidence that boys do better in math than girls. His failure to recognize that seven girls in the class earned 100% while only two boys earned that score best exemplifies,hindsight bias,confirmation bias,functional fixedness,proactive interference,B
Disorganized language like clang associations or neologisms is associated with,autism spectrum disorder.,schizophrenia.,dissociative identity disorder.,bipolar disorder.,B
"According to Dr. William Sears, noted authority on infants and child-rearing, infant brain development is, in part, influenced by longer and more frequent periods of active sleeping and dreaming or",REM sleep,NREM sleep,delta sleep,stage 3 sleep,A
Which of the following would be most useful in understanding a neighbor's interpretation of a certain family's recent crisis as being due to extreme financial distress?,Reinforcement theory,Classical behaviorism,Attribution theory,Hierarchy of needs,C
Each of the following is a step taken by a therapist who is employing systematic desensitization EXCEPT,helping the client experience the desired state of relaxation through hypnosis,teaching the client to relax through techniques such as deep breathing,constructing a hierarchy of feared images,instructing the client to picture each fearful image while maintaining a relaxed state,A
Which one of the following best states Ivan Pavlov's accidental discovery?,"While experimenting with rats, Pavlov discovered that if he repeatedly placed pellets of food in one side of a ""T-maze,"" the rats would automatically run to that side of the maze.","While experimenting with dogs, Pavlov discovered that once his dogs became accustomed to seeing and hearing the attendant who brought them food at mealtime, they would salivate in response to the sight and sound of the attendant.","While experimenting with cats, Pavlov discovered that if he placed a hungry cat inside a box and food outside the box, the cat could ""learn"" to press a lever to open the door of the box.","While experimenting with pigeons, Pavlov discovered that if he placed a pigeon in a box, he could condition it to recognize that if it pecked at a particular key, it would receive a food pellet.",B
Individuals in which of the following occupations will be potentially LEAST likely to be susceptible to health problems as a result of disrupted circadian rhythms?,Shift nurse,Police officer,Flight attendant,College professor,D
Objects that absorb light appear,black,white,dark,bright,C
"Of the following, most children will develop which skill first?",write with a pencil,cut with a knife,say a sentence,clap their hands,D
The incidence of schizophrenia in the population is closest to,1 in 10.,1 in 100.,"1 in 1,000.","1 in 10,000.",B
"In general, the best presentation time between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to produce classical conditioning is",delayed,simultaneous,trace,backward,A
"Ryan suffers from nearly constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic nervous system. Ryan is most likely to be classified as suffering from",GAD.,major depressive disorder.,hypochondriasis.,obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.,A
"The pastry chef ordinarily makes 15 apple turnovers in 15 minutes, but when culinary arts students are watching him, he makes 20 apple turnovers in 15 minutes. This exemplifies",foot-in-the-door phenomenon,social loafing,social facilitation,the bystander effect,C
Seeing someone in line at the grocery store and remembering her or his name is an example of which kind of retrieval?,recognition,recall,episodic,semantic,B
"Lizette and her family watch the sunset over the ocean. While walking home in the increasing darkness, Lizette notices that she can no longer distinguish the colors of objects. Which of the following best explains why Lizette cannot see color in dim light?","Rods, which are specialized for color vision, require more light to be activated, whereas cones, which produce images in black, white, and gray, allow for vision in dim light.","Cones, which are specialized for color vision, require more light to be activated, whereas rods, which produce images in black, white, and gray, allow for vision in dim light.","Cones, which are specialized for black and white vision, require a small amount of light to be activated, whereas rods, which produce images in color, require greater amounts of light for vision.","The receptive fields in the retina respond to the loss of light through light adaptation, the process of rapidly adjusting to a diminution of light.",B
"After sending a decal to display on a window and greeting cards with its logo, a charity sent the same people envelopes requesting contributions. Many people send contributions. The charity is using a technique known as",overcompensation,foot-in-the-door phenomenon,the bystander effect,proximity,B
"A piano teacher is helping a student learn a new piece. At first, she praises the student for playing correct notes. After the student begins to show proficiency with the notes, the teacher only praises the student when he adds the proper dynamics and interpretation to the segments he plays. The teacher's method of instruction is an example of which of the following types of training techniques?",Negative reinforcement,Negative punishment,Shaping,Chaining,C
"According to the Gestalt theory of perception, being able to identify a three-sided object as being a triangle, even though it is partially blocked from view is an example of",proximity,similarity,closure,continuity,C
Which of the following would a researcher need to use to determine if the difference between the mean scores of experimental and control groups was significant?,descriptive statistics,inferential statistics,field experiment,standard deviation,B
What makes the psychoanalytic perspective different from the other psychological perspectives?,Psychoanalysts focus on the unconscious mind.,Psychoanalysis relies on the scientific method.,"The process of psychoanalysis takes a long time and is focused on individuals, not groups.",The research psychoanalysis is based on primarily involves people with psychological disorders.,A
The driver of a car that has pulled up next to you at a red light turns up the volume on her radio. The increase in perceived sound that you experience is primarily due to,neurons firing more intensely,increased secretions by the pituitary gland,changing frequency of sound waves,more neurons firing more frequently,D
"A comprehensive final examination in AP Psychology that consists of questions dealing solely with motivation and emotion, social psychology, and the biological basis of behavior units lacks",content validity,predictive validity,test–retest reliability,alternate-forms reliability,A
Menarche occurs at about age,12 in males only,12 in females only,12 in both sexes,12 in females and 14 in males,B
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds?,lack of informed consent,nonrandom sampling procedures,violation of anonymity,risk of psychological harm,D
Which coefficient indicates the strongest correlation?,-1,-0.33,0,0.5,A
Which part of the brain is the newest in an evolutionary sense?,pons,cerebral cortex,forebrain,reticular formation,B
Why might a researcher use a variable ratio of reinforcement rather than a fixed ratio?,Fixed ratio schedules of reinforcements are more time intensive.,Variable ratio schedules of reinforcements produce results more quickly.,Variable ratio schedules of reinforcements avoid problems such as generalization and the Premack principle.,Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than fixed schedules.,D
A medication prescribed by a psychiatrist for major depressive disorder would most likely influence the balance of which of the following neurotransmitters?,serotonin,dopamine,acetylcholine,thorazine,A
"Today, it is unlikely that a psychologist could condition a baby to fear a rat and other small animals in a research study at a university because",no parent would permit a child to participate in such a study,the study violates ethical guidelines,babies are too young to fear small animals,conditioning experiments are no longer done,B
"Carl Jung's concept of a repository of ideas, feelings, and symbols shared by all humans and passed genetically from one generation to another is known as Jung's theory of the",cultural subconscious,general awareness,heritability coefficients,collective unconscious,D
Which of the following is often true of memory recall?,People are more likely to recall information that is congruent with their prior schemas.,People will not recall information unless it is stored in working memory.,People have no ability to recall information that has been extinguished.,People will recall nonsense syllables more rapidly than they will sets of numbers.,A
Which of the following kinds of therapies would most likely be used by a somatic therapist?,counterconditioning,systematic desensitization,rational emotive behavior therapies,chemotherapy,D
Which two competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis?,manifest content and latent content,role theory and dissociation theory,circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep,conscious level and nonconscious level,B
"A major advantage of standardized normreferenced assessment, as compared with curriculum-based assessment, is that standardized norm-referenced tests",are more tailored to the specific curriculum,provide a greater capacity to evaluate students in terms of large groups of grade-level peers,yield more information on whether students have mastered units that are prerequisites for future work,provide more information on the interplay between the students' learning environment and skills,B
"Hunger, thirst, and sex are most closely associated with stimulation of the",pons,cerebellum,hypothalamus,temporal lobes,C
"In response to a column printed in newspapers throughout the United States, an advice columnist received over 28,000 responses. Over 75% of respondents said that if they had it to do over again, they would not have children. The columnist concludes that most parents are sorry that they had children. For which of the following reasons is her conclusion not valid?",Her participants were not randomly assigned in her study.,The number of respondents from across the country was too small.,The study was not replicated.,Her sample may not have been representative of the population.,D
Hypnosis has been used effectively to diminish,alcohol abuse,chronic pain,night terrors,kinesthetic abilities,B
"Every time you buy ice cream from the Yellow Brick Road ice cream parlor, you get your over-the-rainbow card stamped. Once you purchase ten items, you get your next item free. The Yellow Brick Road ice cream parlor has you on which of the following reinforcement schedules?",Variable-ratio,Variable-interval,Fixed-ratio,Fixed-interval,C
Donia was soaked by an unexpected cloudburst while walking to her car from the office. The fact that she failed to realize that the newspaper she was carrying would have made a great makeshift umbrella is an example of,confirmation bias,limited visualization,functional fixedness,conceptual constriction,C
Which of the following statistical procedures consists of systematically combining data from multiple studies focusing on the same question and using similar variables?,Analysis of variance,Analysis of difference scores,Multiple regression,Meta-analysis,D
"Your little cousin watches you at the computer, and when you get up, he immediately tries to use the keyboard. His behavior in this situation can best be explained on the basis of",superstition,classical conditioning,operant aversive conditioning,modeling,D
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice?,stereotyping,scapegoating,out-group homogeneity,superordinate goals,D
Conflicting attitudes or behaviors that create tension within a person's mind are referred to in terms of,persuasion,general adaptation syndrome,serial position,cognitive dissonance,D
A nonprofit environmental group includes a free gift of address labels in a letter asking for contributions. Which social psychological principle is the nonprofit group trying to use to increase contributions?,self-fulfilling prophecy,stable attribution,compliance strategy,fundamental attribution error,C
Stephen is going through his second divorce. He thinks that no woman will ever love him again. His therapist points out to Stephen that his thinking is irrational and faulty. Which of the following therapies is the therapist employing?,psychoanalysis,systematic desensitization,flooding,rational emotive,D
A classically conditioned response can best be eliminated by presentation of,the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus,the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus,a neutral stimulus,conditioned stimulus a few seconds before the unconditioned stimulus,B
The focus of structuralists most closely matches the current perspective of,psychoanalysts,behaviorists,cognitivists,humanists,C
"Curtis stares at an image of a yellow star for a full minute. When he moves his gaze to a blank piece of white paper, he is likely to see an afterimage that is",green,yellow,red,blue,D
"In a cartoon, an angel is perched on one shoulder and a devil is perched on the other shoulder of a character who needs to decide whether to give money to a homeless man or not. The devil says, ""Don't give him anything, you'll make better use of the money than he will."" The angel says, ""Give him the money because he needs it more than you do."" The character gives the homeless man half of his money. In a Freudian interpretation, the angel represents the character's",libido,id,ego,superego,D
"In schools characterized by high student achievement and family involvement, schoolcommunity partnerships",provide additional opportunities for students to maximize their learning,are not an important factor for students to be successful,reduce the amount of success students achieve,take up too much of the school's and the community's time,A
"Because Al doesn't care how well he does at school but does care about having enough money to pay for a car, Al's mother gives him money for every ""A"" and ""B"" he earns on school tests and projects. For which of the following theories is the mother's behavior an exemplary application?",Cannon-Bard,instinct,drive reduction,incentive,D
The method of loci is a memory aid that employs which of the following?,Semantic encoding,Visual imagery,Auditory cues,Echoic memory,B
Which of the following is the best example of an attribute that is culturally-based rather than primarily psychologically-based?,Caring for one's children,Arriving on time for work,Having the desire to reproduce,Seeking food and water,B
Complete the following example using deductive reasoning: All students who attend the Peddie School study Latin. Some students who study Latin also study calculus. Jerome is a student at the Peddie School. It can therefore be determined that,Jerome studies calculus,Jerome studies Latin,Jerome studies both calculus and Latin,Jerome studies either calculus or Latin,B
"Of the following, which is characteristic of formal operational thinking?",simple motor responses to sensory stimuli,failure to understand reversibility,"capacity to deal well with concrete objects, but not with hypothetical situations",logical reasoning and systematic planning,D
"Amy's therapist shakes her head affirmatively and says, ""Yes, uh huh,"" as Amy talks about her problems. Which of the following treatments did she experience?",psychoanalysis,behavior therapy,humanistic therapy,cognitive therapy,C
Emily scored at the 65th percentile on a standardized achievement test. This indicates which of the following? Her score was,above average,average,below average,just passing,A
"In the ""cocktail party phenomenon,"" an individual can focus on one conversation and filter out all the surrounding stimuli. This is an example of",sensory adaptation,selective attention,just noticeable difference,continuity,B
Albert Bandura and the social-cognitive personality theorists believe that personality results from the interaction of which factors?,"genetics, the unconscious, and social","id, ego, and superego","rewards, punishments, and reinforcements","traits, the environment, and behavior",D
What part of Phineas Gage's brain was damaged by his accident while laying the railroad track?,corpus callosum,temporal lobe,medulla oblongata,prefrontal cortex,D
"Janice often has feelings of hostility and contempt for her husband of forty years. However, instead of expressing these feelings, Janice goes overboard to dote on her husband. Janice is using which of the following defense mechanisms?",Rational philosophy,Reaction formation,Repression,Sublimation,B
"""Mommy gived me a cookie"" best illustrates a basic understanding of",phonemes,prelinguistic speech,holophrases,grammar,D
"A child is frightened by the sudden barking of a neighbor's dog. Once her mother picks her up, the child begins to calm down as which of the following biological processes occurs?",The parasympathetic nervous system resumes control and reverses the sympathetic responses.,The sympathetic nervous system resumes control and reverses the parasympathetic responses.,The autonomic nervous system resumes control and reverses the peripheral responses.,The peripheral nervous system resumes control and reverses the autonomic responses.,A
"Because Jake, the team's starting, star center, is late to basketball practice, Coach Peterson sits him out for the first quarter of the next game. Jake is on time for the rest of the season. Coach Peterson has used",positive punishment.,negative reinforcement.,modeling.,omission training.,D
"When Jared saw shadows of people on the walls of his bedroom, his blood pressure increased and his breathing rate sped up. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his",sensorimotor system,somatic nervous system,sympathetic nervous system,pineal gland,C
Which sentence most accurately describes how neurons communicate?,Neurons communicate through physical contact between dendrites of one cell and the next cell.,"Electricity passes between neurons, which carries messages between one neuron and another.","Chemicals travel from one neuron to another, influencing whether a neuron will fire or not.",Neurons send messages up the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex through neural reflexes.,C
Which of the following is an example of a person who suffers from anterograde amnesia?,A six-year-old child who can't remember events related to her second birthday party,A twenty-year-old woman who can't remember the details of a traumatic event that occurred six months ago,A thirty-six-year-old man who experiences damage to his hippocampus and can't transfer information into his long-term memory,A fifteen-year-old boy who fell off his bicycle without his helmet and can't remember the events right before his accident,C
"Stella remembered the order of the planets from the Sun by recalling the sentence, ""My very educated mother just served us noodles."" For Stella, this sentence is a",chunking strategy,mnemonic device,peg system,acoustic encoding sequence,B
"Tina is a very good student: Her grades are high, she is involved in extracurricular activities, and typically she excels at anything she tries. Therefore, when she caused an accident her second day of driver's ed., her instructor was shocked. The instructor's disbelief is most probably a result of",modeling,accommodation,a halo effect,convergence,C
An individual with brain lesions in the hippocampus will most likely experience impairment to her,emotional regulation,motor coordination,speech production,learning,D
"Mr. Maji gives a test to his class of 25 students. All but three students score between 82 and 94. The other three students score 47, 55, and 62. These scores are potential",modes.,skewers.,outliers.,variances.,C
"A group of participants in a sleep study are to be deprived of sleep for four days. After their second sleepless night, participants may begin reporting which of the following?",Hunger,Thirst,Lack of coordination,Hallucinations,D
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic?,humanistic,biological,evolutionary,behaviorist,A
"The study of cognitive, behavioral, and social changes across the life span are most directly studied by which of the following?",Psychometricians,Occupational psychologists,Developmental psychologists,Social psychologists,C
For which of the following disorders might a psychiatrist prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor such as Prozac or Paxil?,manic,depressive,dissociative identity,conversion,B
Approximately what percentage of participants in Milgram's obedience experiments thought they delivered the maximum amount of shock possible?,0,20,40,60,D
A psychologist focusing on whether development occurs in stages is most interested in which of the following controversies?,nature versus nurture,continuity versus discontinuity,stability versus change,subjectivity versus objectivity,A
"When a person experiences a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior, the person experiences",cognitive dissonance,dissociation,behavioral dysfunction,metacognition,A
Which of the following disorders responds best to cognitive behavioral therapy?,disorganized schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,dissociative identity disorder,major depressive disorder,D
The president of a company brought in an outside consultant to disagree with him about an important decision to be discussed at a meeting of his top level executives in order to avoid,the bystander effect,groupthink,social loafing,the mere exposure effect,B
Mary Ainsworth placed babies into a strange situation and observed the babies' reactions when the parents left and then returned. What developmental concept was Ainsworth studying?,parenting style,motor development,infant reflexes,attachment,D
"According to the Law of Effect, behaviors followed by negative consequences",occur more frequently,occur less frequently,will never be performed again,will be performed more forcefully,B
"Most mnemonic devices (like learning the notes on the staff by memorizing the sentence ""Every Good Boy Does Fine"" and using the first letter of each word) are examples of which memory enhancement technique?",semantic encoding,potentiation,recognition,chunking,D
Iconic memory refers to,visual sensory registries,olfactory sensory registries,frontal sensory registries,STM sensory registries,A
"According to Jean Piaget, egocentrism, animism, and trial-and-error learning are characteristic of the stage of development known as",preoperational,sensorimotor,concrete operational,adolescence,A
Which of the following is most likely to lead to a constructed memory?,brain injury,serial position effect,leading questions,proactive interference,C
"As an experiment, a group of newborn kittens was allowed to see through only one eye at a time. Each day one of the eyes would be covered, switching between the two eyes on subsequent days. Which of the following best describes the visual limitations experienced by these cats as adults?",They were unable to make use of interposition depth perception.,They were unable to maintain perceptual constancy.,They were unable to distinguish left from right monocular cues.,They were unable to use binocular cues for depth perception.,D
"Blinking, sneezing, flinching, and coughing are examples of the type of behavior called",instinct,reflex,habit,thought,B
Which of the following refers to the benefit of having an emotional release to reduce aggressive tendencies?,James-Lange theory of emotion,Counterconditioning,Catharsis hypothesis,Transference,C
A projective test with ambiguous pictures that are frequently used to assess achievement motivation is the,Thematic Apperception Test,Rorschach inkblot test,WAIS-R,MMPI-2,A
Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?,describing the taste of the cake at your last birthday party,remembering how to tie a tie,recalling the name of your junior high school shop teacher,recognizing a celebrity,B
Which of the following is not one of the stages in the development of language that children of virtually every culture go through?,Babbling,Holophrastic speech,Telegraphic speech,Introductive speech,D
"Madison is a fifth grader who tries to listen to the teacher, but has difficulty focusing. She looks around the classroom while the teacher is talking and then does not know what to do when others are starting their assignments. Her symptoms are characteristic of which of the following?",panic disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,bipolar disorder,C
"In the three-box information processing model, what is the first place memories are stored?",short-term memory,eidetic memory,semantic memory,sensory memory,D
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI?,psychoanalytic,humanistic,behaviorist,trait,D
Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with both Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?,acetylcholine,dopamine,serotonin,endorphins,B
What kinds of factors are ignored or de-emphasized when people commit the fundamental attribution error?,dispositional,situational,social,cognitive,B
Anorexia nervosa is a life-threatening illness that can lead to permanent physiological changes (such as brittle bones) and even death. Which of the following individuals would be the most likely to develop this illness?,"Maria, a 16-year-old Caucasian female, who is an A student and talented musician, but who feels that her life is out of control","Leticia, a 15-year-old African American female, who is an A student and exceptional athlete, plus an avid reader","Rosa, a 26-year old Hispanic female, who has just received her law degree, is struggling with debt from school, and having difficulty finding employment","Virginia, a 14-year-old Caucasian female, who is a C student, is sexually promiscuous, and is experimenting with drugs",A
Ben thinks students will answer questions printed on yellow paper more quickly than those printed on blue paper. All study participants will take three tests with 35 multiple-choice questions each. The independent variable in Ben's experiment is,the color of the paper,the number of questions answered correctly,how long it takes students to answer questions,the total number of questions answered,A
Which of the following is generally considered a disadvantage of longitudinal developmental research?,I only,II only,III only,I and II only,D
Dieters often have difficulty losing additional weight after reaching a specific plateau because their bodies function at a lowered metabolic rate according to,VMH theory,opponent process theory,set point theory,the law of effect,C
Delia was accepted to both Harvard University and Yale University and is having difficulty choosing which school to attend. With which of the following conflicts is she faced?,frustration-aggression,intrinsic-extrinsic,approach-avoidance,approach-approach,D
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT,auditory hallucinations,visual hallucinations,paranoid delusions,flat affect,D
"The decision in Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1974, 1976) established which of the following principles regarding confidentiality in counseling relationships?",Duty to warn and protect,Responsibility to maintain privacy,Need to obtain informed consent,Need to maintain accurate records,A
"A person suffering from a skin rash finds her pain is temporarily relieved by vigorous scratching. She does not perceive the pain from the rash while she is scratching, but the pain returns soon after she stops scratching. Which concept best explains this temporary pain relief?",opponent-process theory,amplitude and frequency theories,transduction theory,gate-control theory,D
Which of the following accurately summarizes a depressed person's view according to Aaron Beck's negative triad theory?,"Depressed individuals cope with the three primary stresses—change, death, and monetary instability—through withdrawal.","Depressed individuals believe that when they are in a group, at least three individuals will view them negatively.","Depressed individuals hold a negative view of themselves, the world, and their futures.","Depressed individuals view the world in three stages—separation anxiety, development of an external locus of control, and failure to achieve.",C
Use of brainstorming to solve a problem best encourages which of the following?,divergent thinking,convergent thinking,deductive reasoning,groupthink,A
"Shannon forgot her pillow when she went camping, so she complained about having to sleep with her head flat on the ground the whole night. Her failure to fold up her jeans and sweater to use as a pillow-substitute best illustrates the effects of",the availability heuristic,functional fixedness,confirmation bias,the representativeness heuristic,B
Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?,panic disorder,hypochondriasis,agoraphobia,post-traumatic stress disorder,B
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between reliability and validity?,"Reliability and validity are mutually exclusive: a test can be reliable or valid, but it can't be both.","If a test is reliable, then it is valid, but if a test is not reliable, it cannot be valid.","Validity is a concept related to achievement tests, and reliability is the corresponding concept related to aptitude tests.",A test can be reliable but not valid.,D
Which of the following structures in the eye is most specifically responsible for color vision?,rods,optic nerve,cornea,cones,D
Neural transmission is often described as an electrochemical process. Which of the following is most directly involved in the electrical aspect?,the synapse,terminal buttons,hormones,myelin,D
Which of the following LEAST influences sexual behavior?,hypothalamus,pituitary,gonads,reticular formation,D
Which of the following is not considered a primary facial expression?,surprise,disgust,anger,love,A
"When a child is enrolled in elementary school, the parents are frequently involved in the child's education as partners, collaborators, and problem solvers. During middle and high school, the parents are more typically described as",partners,collaborators,supporters,audience,D
"Carlotta is a well-adjusted, socially competent adolescent. Which of the following most likely represents her family's parenting style?",Minimal supervision,Permissive,Authoritarian,Authoritative,D
"Max was typically out of control whenever he attended preschool. Teachers tried time-outs and other punishments to no avail. His parents and the school decided to work with Max by giving him a sticker each time he behaved for a full hour. Once he accumulated ten stickers, he could present them to his parents who would give him a reward. The method the school and parents chose to employ is referred to as",negative reinforcement,a token economy,a point value system,negative punishment,B
Which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias?,demand characteristics,double blind study,single blind study,Hawthorne effect,B
The staggering and slurred speech of a person who has consumed too much alcohol is most likely the result of altered functioning in the,limbic system,thalamus,sensorimotor cortex,cerebellum,D
The field of psychology arose out of which of the following?,Biochemistry,Physics,Philosophy,Cross-cultural anthropology,C
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?,A mother eagle will fly under her young while they are learning to fly in case they begin to fall.,"A newborn gosling will ""attach"" to the first moving object it sees, usually its mother.",An infant who is left by its primary caregivers for significant periods of time develops an indifference to their presence.,A mother cat teaches her kittens how to clean themselves.,B
For which of the following would drive-reduction theories not provide a reasonable explanation?,"In the middle of his five-mile race, Jerome grabs water from the water station to quench his thirst.",Ernest gobbles a few cookies on his way to class because he did not have time for lunch.,Tish decides to skip lunch because she is still full from eating a very large breakfast.,Kezia is very full after eating dinner but decides to order the strawberry cheesecake anyway.,D
Dr. Scarlett conducted experiments in which she electrically stimulated parts of a cat's brain. A cat that became terrified in the presence of a mouse was most likely stimulated in the,limbic system,thalamus,medulla,cerebellum,A
Which of the following illustrates why most people can detect the difference between Coke and Pepsi most of the time?,Subliminal perception,Absolute threshold,Signal detection theory,Difference threshold,D
A clinical psychologist who is working with an aggressive child seeks to understand the child's behavior in light of the dynamics of the entire family. Which of the following best identifies the approach the psychologist has chosen?,Cognitive social approach,Behavioral approach,Psychoanalytic approach,Systems approach,D
Why can experiments determine causal relationships when no other research method can?,Experiments are more precise than the other research methods.,Experiments isolate the effects of independent variables on dependent variables.,Experiments typically involve more participants than other research methods do.,"Experiments take place in more realistic, real-life settings.",B
What type of psychologist would assert that a key motivation for people is the desire to spread their genetic material?,cognitive,evolutionary,humanistic,psychodynamic,B
"In a team tug of war, Ty did not pull as hard as he would have if he were pulling alone against one competitor. His behavior exemplifies",deindividuation,groupthink,social loafing,bystander effect,C
What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning?,Operant conditioning was established well before classical conditioning.,"Classical conditioning involves pairing stimuli, and operant conditioning involves pairing a response with a stimulus.","Operant conditioning is used to train organisms to perform specific acts, and classical conditioning is used to get organisms to stop performing specific acts.",Classical conditioning is more difficult to use but more effective than operant conditioning.,B
"A listener-sponsored radio station wants to estimate the amount of money the typical supporter contributes during a fund-drive. In a sample of 30 supporters, it was discovered that 22 of them gave $60, six of them gave $1,000, and two of them gave $10,000. Based on this sample, which of the following measures of central tendency would provide the most useful information to the radio station?",Median,Mode,Histogram,ANOVA,B
"Young Tina had never seen the space shuttle until her parents pointed out a picture of it ready to launch. When she next saw a picture of it flying, she had difficulty recognizing it. Which concept best explains this problem?",autokinetic effect,dishabituation,summation,shape constancy,D
"Dr. Ramchandran found that his patients who brushed their teeth after lunch had 1/20 the number of cavities in their teeth as those who didn't. After interviewing the dentist, a local newswriter reports that brushing teeth after lunch prevents cavities. Based on the dentist's research, which of the following statements is true?","If at least 100 patients were studied, the writer's statement is justified.","If a minimum of 500 patients were studied, the writer's statement is justified.",At least 100 of the patients needed to have brushed their teeth after lunch for the writer's statement to be justified.,"No matter how many participants, the writer's statement is not justified.",D
Which of the following terms refers to the body's tendency to maintain a relatively constant state that permits cells to live and function?,Perceptual constancy,Set point,Homeostasis,Kinesthesia,C
"Joey, a 25-year-old convict, has a history of conduct disorder in elementary school and bullying in junior high. By high school, he was mugging peers and taking whatever he wanted from elderly shoppers without caring if he hurt anyone. Joey would most likely be diagnosed with",antisocial personality disorder,dissociative identity disorder,paranoid schizophrenia,somatoform disorder,A
"An ""A+"" course grade is which kind of reinforcer?",primary,secondary,continuous,partial,B
Which of the following explanations of why a 17-year-old drives his car at or below the speed limit best illustrates Kohlberg's conventional level of morality?,"""I don't want to get any tickets.""","""It's the law.""","""I want my parents to approve of my driving.""","""I don't want to crash my car.""",B
The obsessive fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is known as,claustrophobia,arachnophobia,social phobia,agoraphobia,D
Which of the following psychologists would most likely agree with the following statement: Behavior is a result of the combination of reinforcers and punishers?,William James,Wilhelm Wundt,B. F. Skinner,Carl Rogers,C
Free association and dream interpretation frequently characterize which of the following treatments?,psychoanalysis,behavior therapy,humanistic therapy,cognitive therapy,A
"Which is likely to increase as a normal, healthy individual ages from 25 to 75 years of age?",visual acuity,crystallized intelligence,ability to reason speedily,fluid intelligence,B
"A doctor who smokes cigarettes knows that it is unhealthy, but thinks that he can keep smoking, since he eats healthily. Which concept best explains this thought process?",reaction formation,affective retraining,cognitive dissonance,obsessive compulsion,C
"According to trait theorists, such as Hans Eysenck, the basis for personality is",conflicting sources of psychic energy,the distinctive human ability to act purposefully and to shape our own destiny,"the interactions between thought and the environment, which influence behavior","stable sources of individual differences that characterize an individual, based on an interaction of nature and nurture",D
"Tony got accepted to the college he wants to attend, is going to the prom with a girl he really admires, and was hired for the summer job he sought. He has high",self-efficacy,self-doubt,self-handicapping,introversion,A
"At the outset of a study on eating habits, a researcher asks participants a variety of questions, including whether they typically eat breakfast. Whether or not a person eats breakfast is a(n)",categorical variable,continuous variable,dependent variable,independent variable,A
Cyan has come up with a test to identify people with the potential to be great civil rights lawyers. Such a test would be classified as a(n),speed test.,achievement test.,EQ test.,aptitude test.,D
An American teenager's prototype of a chair is most likely to include,a desk and/or table.,four legs and a seat.,a feeling of anxiety associated with school.,"an armchair, a chairlift, and a wheelchair.",B
Loss of the ability to understand language results from loss of tissue in which of the following lobes?,right frontal,right temporal,right parietal,left temporal,D
Knowledge of different categories of trees and where they grow best is an example of what kind of long-term memory?,episodic memory,semantic memory,procedural memory,eidetic memory,B
Which of the following most accurately describes the firing of a neuron?,It occurs gradually as the neuron reaches hyperpolarization.,"It has an all-or-none quality: it either happens, or it does not.",Its strength diminishes as it travels along the soma.,It occurs only in the post-synaptic neuron.,B
"A participant in a single-trial free-recall task is presented with a list of words, one at a time, in the following order: house, flower, dog, table, license, water, computer, salad. In accord with the serial position curve, which of the following words is the participant most likely to forget?",House,Computer,Flower,License,D
Jyoti notes the behavior of people as they wait in line for tickets to rock concerts. Which of the following research methods is she using?,naturalistic observation,survey,controlled experiment,quasi-experiment,A
The superintendent of a large school district asks the school psychologist to predict students' grade point averages (GPAs) for the first year of high school. The school psychologist has included achievement and aptitude scores as predictor variables for firstyear high school GPA in a regression analysis and is considering whether to also administer a school interest inventory and include those scores. The major concern of the school psychologist when making this decision should be which of the following?,The intercorrelation of the aptitude and achievement test scores,The degree to which the school interest inventory score raises the multiple correlation when it is included as a predictor variable of first-year high school GPA,The zero-order correlation of first-year high school GPA and the school interest inventory score,The difference in the correlations of the school interest inventory scores with first-year high school GPA and the aptitude and achievement test scores with first-year high school GPA,B
"Collective unconscious, archetypes, and individuation are personality concepts most closely associated with",Sigmund Freud,Carl Jung,B. F. Skinner,Karen Horney,B
"According to Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis,",we have an innate language acquisition device,apes do not have language because they don't use proper syntax,we tend to observe and imitate models,language determines the way we think,D
"When a 17-year-old student is failing at school, which society would most likely hold the parents accountable?",United States of America,Canadian,Japanese,English,C
"In most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant for",language,logic,analytical reasoning,mathematical reasoning,A
"Jeanette locked the front door and then checked it by turning the knob. She checked it a second time. After walking halfway down the path to the street, Jeanette went back to the door and checked to make sure that it was locked. Her behavior appears to be",psychotic,schizophrenic,obsessive,compulsive,D
"Aisha is a beautiful, black teenager. If she is typical, she most likely believes that",white teenagers are superior to black teenagers,Asian teenagers are superior to black teenagers,Hispanic teenagers are superior to black teenagers,black teenagers are superior to white teenagers,D
Functionalists such as William James were mainly interested in,the purpose of behavioral acts,identifying the smallest unit of behavior,the basic elements of consciousness,teaching introspection,A
What kind of therapy involves both behavioral and cognitive interventions?,counterconditioning,symptom substitution,primary preventions,systematic desensitization,D
"Georgia works in the local hospital because she wishes to help others, while Kathy works in the hospital strictly to make money. Their individual motivations demonstrate the difference between",primary and secondary drives,positive and negative loci of control,sympathetic and autonomic motivation,intrinsic and extrinsic motivation,D
Which of the following reinforcement schedules results in maintenance of behavior that is LEAST resistant to extinction?,continuous,fixed ratio,fixed interval,variable ratio,A
"According to gate-control theory, which condition tends to close the gate?",anxiety,depression,focusing on the pain,electrical stimulation,D
Knowledge of different categories of trees and where they grow best is an example of what kind of long-term memory?,episodic memory,semantic memory,procedural memory,eidetic memory,B
Which of the following is the most reliable indicator of emotions across all cultures?,hand gestures,facial expressions,voice intonation,body posture,B
"After taking AP Psychology and doing well in the class and on the exam, Donald goes to college. If Donald is interested in psychology and has high achievement motivation, as a first-year student, he is most likely to",take an introductory psychology class in which he knows that he will excel.,enroll in an upper-level graduate seminar in which he will be exposed to a lot of new information but is likely to struggle to pass.,avoid psychology classes since he has already mastered the material.,sign up for an upper-level undergraduate course in which he will have to work hard to succeed and will learn new things.,D
"As part of her campaign for school president, Edy personally gives out cookies that say ""Vote for Edy"" on them. Which of the following is one reason that this approach might improve Edy's chances in the election?",foot-in-the-door,mere-exposure effect,central route of persuasion,pluralistic ignorance,B
"A pencil and paper personality test that places a person in one of several personality categories (such as extrovert/introvert, etc.) is based on which personality theory?",psychodynamic,trait,biological,behaviorist,B
Some contemporary intelligence researchers like Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg complain that schools focus too much on,nonessential subjects like art and music.,encouraging creative thought.,the environmental factors that influence the expression of intelligence.,traditional subjects and methods.,D
The part of the neuron that directs synthesis of neurotransmitters and proteins is the,cell body,dendrite,axon,axon terminal,A
Research has shown a possible connection between the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and which of the following mental disorders?,Parkinson's disease,Alzheimer's disease,Schizophrenia,Mania,B
"Which of the following kinds of brain scans would be most useful in disproving the statement: ""Most people only use 10 percent of their brains""?",CAT,MRI,EEG,PET,D
"Jonathan's IQ score is in the 97th percentile. Of the following, which score is most likely his?",85,100,130,150,C
A doctor examining a car crash victim in order to determine whether the crash caused structural damage to the brain would use what kind of brain scan?,MRI,PET,EEG,fMRI,A
A famous character in a Shakespearean play keeps washing her hands to get them clean of blood that is no longer on them. The repeated washing of her hands is,a delusion,a compulsion,a hallucination,an obsession,B
The tendency of young children learning language to overuse the rules of syntax is referred to as,overconfidence,confirmation bias,overgeneralization,overjustification,C
The relaying of sensory information to the cerebral cortex is the primary function of the,hypothalamus,cerebellum,reticular formation,thalamus,D
"Tired after a long, hard day at school, Cyrus decides to take a nap. An hour later, his Dad wakes him to let him know it's time for dinner. Cyrus feels worse than when he went to bed and can hardly drag himself to the table. An EEG of Cyrus right before he was awoken would most likely have shown a preponderance of",alpha waves.,beta waves.,delta waves.,sleep spindles.,C
"According to Adler, firstborn children are more likely than subsequent children in a family to be",sociable,funny,responsible,followers,C
Which term describes the phenomenon of like-minded groups taking more extreme positions than the individuals that comprise the group?,social facilitation,deindividuation,groupthink,group polarization,D
Which kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over long periods of time?,primary drives,secondary drives,achievement motivation,intrinsic motivation,D
One's ability to make inferences about the behavior of a population from the behavior of a sample of that population is referred to as,reliability,external validity,internal validity,inter-rater reliability,B
"Of the following theories, the presence of Hilgard's ""hidden observer"" best supports",dissociation,opponent process,activation-synthesis,diathesis-stress,A
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is a,concept,word,phoneme,morpheme,D
Which of the following are included in the peripheral nervous system?,"brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves","cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia","spinal cord, spinal nerves, sense organs","medulla, pons, thalamus",B
Receptors that respond to gravity and keep you informed of your body's location in space are located primarily in the,cochlea of the ear,macula of the eye,olfactory mucosa,muscles and joints of the skeleton,D
"In a study of brain development, two groups of rats were reared in a laboratory setting. In Group I, each rat was raised in isolation with no toys, while in Group II, rats were divided into small groups and given toys to play with. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the probable findings of this study?",The rats raised in Group I will have forebrains that weigh more than those of the rats raised in Group II.,The rats raised in Group I will have forebrains that weigh less than those of the rats raised in Group II.,The brains of the rats raised in Group I will not be noticeably different from the brains of the rats raised in Group II.,"The brains of the rats raised in Group I will consist of more white matter, while the brains of the rats raised in Group II will consist of more gray matter.",B
Counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach?,flooding,systematic desensitization,REBT,token economies,B
"According to Abraham Maslow, esteem needs must at least be partially met before one is prompted to satisfy",belongingness needs,physiological needs,self-actualization needs,love needs,C
"Which of the following most accurately explains why a pool with water temperature of 82 degrees may feel cool to a person who has been sunbathing, yet warm to a person who has been inside in the air conditioning?",Sensory restriction,Perceptual constancy,Relative clarity,Sensory adaptation,D
Research indicates that which of the following factors most influence a person's sexual orientation?,parenting style,masculine/feminine personality traits,hormones released in the womb,sexual orientation of parents,C
"Although Andy wanted to cut class to get to the Yankee opener, he came to class to take a quiz and review for an exam. According to Freud, this behavior evidences a strong",egocentricity,super id,id,superego,D
The case study of Phineas Gage's brain injury was significant for which of the following reasons?,Gage's accident was one of the first to be treated with drugs that alter the neurotransmitters in the brain.,It was one of the first well-documented examples of a specific brain area being associated with a set of physical and emotional changes.,This accident provided psychiatrists with one of the first opportunities to treat a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapeutic techniques.,The CAT scan was used for the first time in the Phineas Gage case to document the extent of brain injury.,B
Physiological reactions to surprise or shocks are most controlled by which of the following parts of the nervous system?,somatic nervous system,sympathetic nervous system,endocrine system,serotonin system,B
The most common somatic nervous system neurotransmitter to cause muscle contractions is,acetylcholine,dopamine,endorphins,epinephrine,A
"Although Jen is a very bright four-year-old, she doesn't think her mother's sister has any sisters. This lack of understanding reflects",conservation,introspection,transposition,egocentrism,D
"A 10-year-old student who was born in a non- English-speaking country has been referred as a possible candidate for special education services on the basis of low scores achieved on the school district's group achievement test. The student achieved high scores on the district's English fluency test. Of the following approaches to diagnostic assessment, the most appropriate is one that",uses an interpreter who is fluent in the language of the country in which the student was born,uses the results of at least two Englishlanguage intelligence tests,accounts for sociocultural and adaptive behavior in the process of identifying skills and abilities,includes parent interviews and classroom observations as well as the results of an intelligence test,C
An action potential involves the movement of,glucose into the axon,fats out of the axon terminal,molecules in the synaptic gap,sodium ions into the axon,D
"After dealing kindly with several customers who acted very rudely toward her, the clerk was impatient with her next customer. The tendency of that customer to think that the clerk is a very impatient person rather than just having a bad day exemplifies",stereotyping,the fundamental attribution error,the mere exposure effect,the reciprocity norm,B
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine?,major depressive disorder,autism,Parkinson's disease,Alzheimer's disease,C
Albert Bandura's work evidenced that children who witnessed aggressive behavior on the part of adults would be likely to imitate the aggressive behavior later on. This phenomenon is known as,instrumental learning.,modeling.,the copycat effect.,thanatos.,B
"If a distribution of scores includes one or more outliers, which of the following measures of central tendency should be used?",standard deviation,range,median,mean,C
Probabilistic reasoning from specific observations to general propositions is known as,deductive reasoning,inductive reasoning,intuitive reasoning,statistical reasoning,B
Which of the following is a common way to categorize personality traits?,the Big Five,Erikson's 8 traits,Piaget's 4 stages,the Nine Defense Mechanisms,A
"The more difference shown by the behavior of identical twins raised apart, the more the differences in their behavior can be attributed to their",heritability,genetic traits,mutations,environments,D
Piaget proposed that children develop knowledge by,constructing reality out of their own experiences,participating in traditional learning environments,responding to physiological changes,modeling various cultural influences,A
"Which of the following accomplishments accurately reflects why Wilhelm Wundt is sometimes referred to as the ""father of psychology?""",He founded the first psychological laboratory in the late nineteenth century.,He developed psychoanalytical theory through his work in clinical environments.,He conducted experiments throughout the nineteenth century that led to the belief that all behavior is learned.,His research demonstrated that psychology should be free from all philosophical questions.,A
The fact that people's ears are located on opposite sides of their heads is most adaptive because it helps us,sense a greater range of frequencies.,gauge the intensity of a stimulus.,identify the origin of a sound.,respond to noises behind us.,C
"According to researchers Darley and Latanne, bystander intervention decreases when a large number of people witness a crime. What social psychology concept could best explain this phenomenon?",Social loafing,Prejudice,Conformity,Diffusion of responsibility,D
Which of the following terms is most closely associated with creativity?,hypothesis testing,contextual intelligence,divergent thinking,habituation,C
"Lucille suffered a stroke last week and cannot recognize her children or grandchildren by looking at them. Of the following structures, her brain lesion is most likely in the",cerebellum,hypothalamus,amygdala,left cerebral cortex,A
Carlos could consistently differentiate the note middle C on the violin from middle C on the piano because of the difference in,frequency,primary wavelength,amplitude,timbre,D
Which of the following is the best example of a categorical variable?,Intelligence,Disposition,Optimism,Gender,D
"In time-out, a disruptive child who wants to stay with his or her class is removed from the classroom. This exemplifies",positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,positive punishment,omission training,D
In classical conditioning the learner learns to associate the unconditioned stimulus with,an unconditioned response,a conditioned stimulus,a conditioned response,a negative reinforcer,B
Julie is more alert in the morning and her brother Jack is more alert in the afternoon. This difference stems from a difference in the siblings',sleep cycles.,circadian rhythms.,daily activities.,personalities.,B
The Intelligence Quotient is defined as the,chronological age/mental age × 100,performance score/verbal score × 100,mental age/chronological age × 100,verbal score/performance score × 100,C
The primary research method used by developmental psychologists is,case study,cross-sectional research,naturalistic observation,experimentation,B
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 people is an example of which of the following?,random assignment,random sampling,representative assignment,representative sampling,B
An animal is not likely to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) if the,delay between the CS and the UCS is too long,interval schedule between the two stimuli is variable,fixed-rational schedule between the two stimuli is altered,interstimulus ratio is variable,A
What type of test is the Advanced Placement Examination in Psychology?,aptitude,projective,achievement,intelligence,C
"All people have essentially the same set of traits, differing only in terms of the extent to which they show each trait, according to which of the following personality theories?",nomothetic,idiographic,Freudian,somatotype,A
The examination of the connection between mental states and physical states is referred to as,tabula rasa,the mind-body problem,nature vs. nurture,parallel processing,B
Which of the following best exemplifies sensory adaptation?,enjoying a song the more you hear it,responding immediately every time the fire alarm is sounded,not realizing how cold the pool is after you are under the water for a few minutes,relying heavily on your hearing when you are walking down a dark corridor,C
Which of the following interventions is most effective at facilitating the education of gifted students?,Using heterogeneous grouping to allow gifted students to strengthen social skills and grow academically,Assigning independent research projects within the framework of the curriculum,Implementing cooperative learning to encourage gifted students to work up to their ability,"Providing acceleration for gifted students, especially within the areas of their interests and skills",D
Damage to the occipital lobes of the brain would most likely affect which of the senses?,hearing,touch,balance,sight,D
"The position on the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak depends on the frequency of a tone, according to which theory?",opponent-process,trichromatic,place,volley,C
"After she used address stickers sent by a charity in the mail, Brittany felt obligated to mail a donation to the organization that sent the stickers. Brittany's behavior illustrates",stereotyping,the fundamental attribution error,the mere exposure effect,the reciprocity norm,D
"After Tamika complained to her mother about how little she has, Tamika and her mother went to a soup kitchen to volunteer to serve dinner to the homeless. After serving 120 dinners, Tamika told her mother how happy she is that they can afford to buy delicious foods she loves. Tamika's increased perception that she is happy is best explained by applying which of the following theories?",relative deprivation,adaptation-level,Yerkes-Dodson arousal,diathesis-stress,A
"Brenda gets enraged when people criticize her, talks about becoming the first woman president, exaggerates her abilities and talents, takes advantage of classmates, and constantly demands attention in class. When she received a certificate for participating in an essay contest, she told everyone she'd won a prestigious writing award. She most likely would be diagnosed as evidencing",hypochondriasis,disorganized schizophrenia,antisocial personality disorder,narcissistic personality disorder,D
A research study establishes that most people can taste one gram of salt in one quart of water. Which of the following concepts is most closely related to the goal of this study?,difference threshold,absolute threshold,taste constancy,sensory adaptation,B
Mayella believes that getting a good grade on an AP exam is a matter of luck. She most likely has,high academic self-efficacy,an internal locus of control,an external locus of control,high achievement motivation,C
Which of the following transduces visual images?,The cornea,The pupils,The cochlea,The retina,D
Someone with brain damage who has difficulty making the muscle movements needed to produce accurate speech might have damage to which area of the brain?,Wernicke's area,hippocampus,Broca's area,amygdala,C
"After discovering that she was in the early stages of an eating disorder, Maria's parents insisted Maria see a therapist. Although Maria attended the therapy sessions, she was late, uncooperative, and even hostile. After some time, her counselor began to explore Maria's feelings of hostility and found that they actually were feelings she held for her parents. Maria's uncooperativeness and hostility toward her counselor is an example of",suppression,conflicting motives,transference,countertransference,C
"Although they disagreed with his personal infidelities, many Americans supported President Bill Clinton's position and policy decisions during his term in office. This dichotomy of opinion demonstrates a split in",external locus of control,internal validity,self-representation,attitudinal coherence,D
Which of the following kinds of therapists is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient diagnosed with bipolar disorder?,psychoanalyst,psychiatrist,clinical psychologist,cognitive psychotherapist,B
A behavior that is elicited automatically by an environmental stimulus is called a(n),conditioned response,condition,aversive stimulus,reflex,D
A lesson from Janis's research on groupthink is that,unanimity is important.,small groups function better than large ones.,groups function well under pressure.,it is important for people to voice dissent.,D
Which best represents the path of an impulse over a reflex arc?,"receptor, afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron, effector","receptor, efferent neuron, interneuron, afferent neuron, affector","sensory neuron, interneuron, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector","effector, sensory neuron, afferent neuron, interneuron, receptor",A
"Jim and Tim are identical (monozygotic) twins that were reared together. Scott and Michael are fraternal (dizygotic) twins that were reared together. Given the results of heritability studies of intelligence, which of the following outcomes are most likely to emerge?",Jim and Tim will have very similar IQs.,Scott and Michael will have very similar IQs.,Both pairs will have very similar IQs.,Neither pair will have similar IQs.,A
"In developmental research, studying the same subjects over time is known as",cross-sectional research,cross-cultural research,in-cohort sequential research,longitudinal research,D
The manual of clinical syndromes published by the American Psychiatric Association that is used for descriptive diagnosis is commonly called the,ANOVA,DSM-5,APA Desk Reference,Diagnosis of Disorders Digest,B
Standardized tests are,any examination given by your state or country,all examinations with exactly the same directions,"tests with norms, which indicate average, high, and low scores for the test",tests for which a person's performance can be compared with a pilot group,D
"While visiting a museum, you study a statue by walking around it and examining it from many different places in the room. The retinal images of the statue change, but you do not perceive these changes because of",convergence,motion parallax,perceptual constancy,interpositioning,C
Perception refers to the process by which,receptors gather information from the environment,sense organs transmit information to the brain for initial processing,the brain organizes and interprets sensations,the brain minimizes responses to stimuli that do not change,C
Which research method would most likely be used to test the following hypothesis: People who conserve energy by buying hybrid cars are more likely to spend more money on organic foods.,experiment,naturalistic observation,case study,correlation,D
The primary reason why we cannot taste sand or smell platinum is that,they are not chemicals,they are not soluble in water,they are poisonous,they have no nutritional value,B
"The goal of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), is to",gain insight into potential biochemical abnormalities,uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings,assess basic personality traits,assess cultural influences on personality,B
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on which kind of intelligence?,fluid intelligence,crystallized intelligence,aptitude intelligence,achievement intelligence,A
Most New Yorkers remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard that the World Trade Center was destroyed. Which of the following best identifies this type of memory?,implicit memory,engrams,flashbulb memory,explicit memory,C
The contingency model explains classical conditioning from which of the following perspectives?,behavioral,psychoanalytic,cognitive,humanistic,C
An educational psychologist is administering a basic skills exam to second-graders of two different schools in order to compare the students' performance. The researcher administers the exam to the students of the Antrim School on a Wednesday morning and then administers the same exam in exactly the same fashion on that same Wednesday afternoon to the second-graders of the Barton School. Which of the following best identifies a confounding variable in the psychologist's research?,The psychologist is comparing two different schools.,The psychologist is comparing the same grade in each school.,The psychologist is testing the students in the two schools at two different times.,The psychologist is testing the students in the two schools on the same day.,C
Which of the following is the best summary of Stanley Schacter's two-factor theory of emotion?,"An external event causes us to experience a specific emotion, and this emotion triggers certain physiological changes to occur.","When our body responds to an external event, our brain interprets the biological changes as a specific emotion.","Each person follows a predictable pattern of changes in response to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.",A combination of psychological changes and our cognitive interpretations combine to produce our emotional experiences.,D
Which of the following best summarizes Carl Rogers' view of personality?,"Personality traits such as inhibition, extroversion, and conscientiousness are constant over time.",People's personality traits are overwhelmingly positive and goal-directed.,Personality is mainly formed by behavioral expectations.,"Individual personalities vary based on differences in traits, emotions, and thought processes.",B
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of learning?,The result of a variety of experiences that temporarily shape behavior,An enduring change in an organism's behavior based on experience,The sole result of classical and operant conditioning,The association of experiences due to their occurrence in close proximity,B
Which of the following is a key difference between the experimental method and naturalistic observation?,"Experiments yield qualitative data, whereas naturalistic observation yields quantitative data.","Naturalistic observation involves surveys, whereas experiments measure behavior.","Naturalistic observation takes place in the field, whereas experiments take place in a lab.",Researchers can exercise greater control over experiments than in naturalistic observation.,D
Harlow's monkey experiment illustrated,the importance of physical contact to development.,that language is a uniquely human skill.,that primates can make and use tools.,the danger of separating babies from their natural parents.,A
Which of the following types of scientists were the first to contend that an individual's ways of thinking are shaped primarily by cultural values and ideas?,Structuralists,Ethologists,Sociobiologists,Anthropologists,D
Which of the following best illustrates hostile aggression?,A man slaps his wife because he is angry that she made hamburgers for dinner again.,A sanitation man knocks over some rose bushes when he throws an empty can to the curb.,A waitress breaks several cups and saucers when she drops a tray on the floor.,A careless driver hits and severely injures a pedestrian who is crossing the street.,A
Which of the following disorders is the result of an abnormality of the twenty-first chromosomal pair?,Bipolar disorder,Huntington's Chorea,Down syndrome,Obsessive-compulsive disorder,C
REM sleep is considered to be paradoxical sleep because,brain patterns change from alpha waves to delta waves over the course of a night's sleep,people can always act out the content of their dreams,people will try to increase REM sleep if deprived of REM sleep for a period of time,"the mind is very active, but the body is in a state of paralysis",D
Jay suffers from periods of amnesia and frequent loss of a sense of personal identity. It is likely Jay has a(n),schizophrenic disorder,associative disorder,antisocial personality disorder,dissociative disorder,D
Approximately what percent of the population scores between 70 and 130 on the WISC?,34,50,68,95,D
The perceived volume of a tone is mainly determined by its,frequency,timbre,amplitude,overtones,C
"Eli is just beginning to sit up. Assuming he is developing at a typical pace, how old is Eli?",1 month,3 months,6 months,9 months,C
A game show like Jeopardy! asks players to demonstrate which of the following types of intelligence?,IQ,Crystallized intelligence,Fluid intelligence,General intelligence,B
Research using the visual cliff suggests that human infants,"would go ""over the cliff"" if their mothers called them",had learned by experience in crawling to perceive depth,were not able to use any visual depth cues,use monocular but not binocular cues for vision,B
"En route to the brain, information from the two eyes' retinas crosses at the",optic nerve.,optic chiasm.,fovea.,lateral geniculate nucleus.,B
Detection of a just-noticeable difference (JND) depends on the,"presence of a ""no stimulus"" control and the sensitivity of the signal-detection equipment",initial determination of the absolute threshold and the variation of the difference threshold,frequency of the existing stimulus and the presence of one or more sensory modalities,intensity of the new stimulus and that of the stimulus already present,D
Which of the following correctly categorizes the components of Ivan Pavlov's research on conditioning?,"The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (CS) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (UCS). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenter (UCR).","The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (UCR) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (CR). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenter (CS).","The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (UCS) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (CS). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenter (CR).","The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (CR) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (UCR). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenter (UCS).",C
People who are able to be hypnotized easily are likely to score high on which of the following dimensions of the big five personality traits?,agreeableness,openness,conscientiousness,emotional stability,B
Which of the following would a researcher need to use to determine if the difference between the mean scores of experimental and control groups was significant?,descriptive statistics,inferential statistics,field experiment,standard deviation,B
All of the following are conditions sanctioned by the APA regarding the use of deception in a study EXCEPT,the research is of great importance and cannot be conducted without the use of deception,participants are expected to find the procedures reasonable upon being informed of them,participants must be allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any time,the research must be conducted as a double-blind study,D
An obese individual with a breathing-related sleep disorder most likely suffers from which of the following?,Narcolepsy,Hypersomnia,Insomnia,Sleep apnea,D
"Who would most likely have said, ""People are basically good""?",Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud,Behaviorist B. F. Skinner,Cognitivist Albert Ellis,Humanist Carl Rogers,D
"When the class listened to a list of words, half the group was directed to listen for sounds while the other half was asked to gauge the emotional impact of the words. The group that gauged the emotional impact remembered many more words. This is evidence that better retention results with attention to",semantic features,echoic features,shallow processing,surface processing,A
Which of the following are found in Jung's collective unconscious?,fictional finalisms,complexes,archetypes,feelings of inferiority,C
Which of the following lobes of the brain is central to visual sensation and perception?,Occipital,Temporal,Parietal,Frontal,A
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides information about all of the following EXCEPT,names of mental disorders,categorization of all mental disorders,primary symptoms of all mental disorders,causes of all mental disorders,D
What is the major difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?,"Punishments are used with nonhuman animals, and negative reinforcements are used with humans.","Negative reinforcements are used in classical conditioning, and punishments are used in operant conditioning.",Punishments are primarily used when training an organism to perform a behavior and negative reinforcements are used to train an organism to stop performing a behavior.,Punishments decrease the frequency of a behavior and negative reinforcements increase the frequency of a behavior.,D
"Lupe has been dating Craig for a few months. She's attracted to him and has fun with him, but she can't stand his friends or his family. Lupe's conflict would best be classified as",an approach-approach conflict.,an approach-avoidance conflict.,an avoidance-avoidance conflict.,a multiple approach-avoidance conflict.,B
A longitudinal study would be useful in assessing which of the following?,Age differences,Gender differences,Cultural environments,Changes in behavior over time,D
Implications of Harlow's study (of baby monkeys reared by artificial mothers) for humans include which of the following?,I only,II only,III only,I and II only,B
A school psychologist is asked to help Ms. Smith address problem behaviors that are disrupting the learning of her students. The school psychologist is given data that indicate discipline referrals have been written on 26 of the 30 students in Ms. Smith's class. Which of the following is best for the school psychologist to recommend?,Developing individual behavior contracts for the 26 students who have received discipline referrals,Using comprehensive emotional and behavioral assessments for students who have received discipline referrals,"Providing school-based group counseling to address issues such as study skills, attendance, decision making, problem solving, and goal setting.","Implementing a class-wide behavior management plan, such as a responsecost raffle.",D
Dr. Bonneau helped a company redesign its offices to raise morale and the productivity of the employees. With which of the following subfields of psychology is Dr. Bonneau most likely affiliated?,counseling,educational,industrial/organizational,developmental,C
"Barry reported that in his study, the relationship between religiosity and academic grades was not statistically significant. By ""not statistically significant,"" he meant that the results",were not important,were not strong,might have been due to chance,were of no value to statisticians,C
The Rosenhan study of mental institutions showed that,treatment at private institutions tends to be better than treatment at public institutions.,men are diagnosed at higher rates than women reporting the same symptoms.,it is difficult to convince medical professionals that one has a disorder when one does not.,confirmation bias may influence clinicians' views and treatments of mental patients.,D
"Functionally, receptors in the retina of the eye differ most from receptors in the cochlea of the ear in the",magnitude of the resting potentials of their membranes,ions involved in their action potentials,types of energy they transduce,number of axons each cell possesses,C
Wilder Penfield's studies suggest that some long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the brain. This suggests that forgetting may be a matter of,displacement,gradual decay,retrieval failure,failure to encode the memories,C
Children are most likely to grow up more competent and responsible when they are raised by parents who behave in a manner considered,authoritarian,authoritative,permissive,inconsistent,B
Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's,oral stage.,anal stage.,phallic stage.,latency period.,C
EEGs that consist primarily of alpha and beta waves are characteristic of,consciousness,stage 1 sleep,stage 2 sleep,stage 3 sleep,A
"Jared thinks that going to psychology lecture classes is a waste of time and that you can do just as well in the course if you just read the review book, watch ""Discovering Psychology,"" and take the tests. He decides to test his hypothesis with an experiment. The independent variable in his experiment is",going to lecture classes,"going to lecture classes, reading the review book, and watching ""Discovering Psychology""","not going to lecture classes, reading the review book, and watching ""Discovering Psychology""",just taking tests,C
Some groups of gang members wear head coverings and sunglasses when they assault people. The use of such disguises contributes to,social loafing,cognitive dissonance,learned helplessness,deindividuation,D
Which of the following is the most important detail of Wundt's early research that established the psychology as a science?,"Wundt was a member of the upper class, which helped his credibility.",Wundt wrote well and communicated results to large numbers of people effectively.,Wundt set up a laboratory and focused on empirical evidence that could be replicated.,Wundt worked outside the university system and was seen as an independent thinker.,C
Which of the following is not a basic somatosensation?,pain,touch,cold,itch,D
Lev Vygotsky's approach to the study of cognitive development was,psychodynamic,behavioral,biological,sociocultural,D
Behavioral therapy typically alters the patterns of responding of clients by,helping patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences,vigorously challenging clients' illogical ways of thinking,influencing patients by controlling the consequences of their actions,repeating or rephrasing what a client says during the course of therapy,C
"In people, rods, unlike cones,",are located in the center of the retina.,synapse with bipolar cells.,respond more quickly to bright colors.,have a low absolute threshold for light.,D
"Before Justin could take an airplane flight, he needed to overcome his fear of flying. His therapist taught him relaxation exercises, which he practiced while first looking at pictures of airplanes, then seeing them take off at the airport, then going into an empty plane that would not take off, then finally taking a short flight. Which of the following treatments did he undergo?",psychoanalysis,behavior therapy,humanistic therapy,existential therapy,D
Sigmund Freud was the founder of which of the following perspectives in psychology?,Biological,Behavioral,Cognitive,Psychoanalytic,D
Arnold Gesell is significant to the history of school psychology because he,identified the four major periods of cognitive development,established the ethical standards of the National Association of School Psychologists,developed a version of the thematic apperception test appropriate for use with children,devised a prototypical normative assessment for infants and young children,D
"Maria, a bright high school student, fears success. To which of the following colleges would she most likely apply?","Harvard, Stanford, and the local community college","Stanford, Oxford, and the most competitive state college in her state",the local community college and distant community colleges,"Harvard, Yale, and Stanford",C
"During World War II, millions of Jews and other minorities were slaughtered because they were blamed for the financial and social problems of Germany. Such scapegoating illustrates",sour grapes rationalization,displacement,sweet lemons rationalization,projection,B
Which of the following best explains why babies have poor vision for the first few weeks of life?,The nodes of Ranvier have not yet formed.,The neural connections to the primary visual cortex are not fully connected.,"The axons are covered in tight coats of lipids, which impede neural firing.",The synaptic cleft of the neuron is filled with an aqueous humor.,B
Which of the following structures is located at the most central and protected part of the brain?,somato-sensory cortex,cerebellum,cerebral cortex,medulla,D
A common criticism of labeling students as disabled is that individuals tend to perform in accordance with characteristics associated with a label. This performing phenomenon is known by which of the following names?,The self-fulfilling prophecy,The law of effect,The primacy effect,Social loafing,A
"Scott tried to unscramble the letters NEBOTYA for 20 minutes to spell a word, but was not successful. While walking to class, the answer suddenly came to him that the word was BAYONET. This exemplifies",classical conditioning,operant conditioning,the law of effect,insight,D
What would a psychometrician conclude about a personality test that tells a person she is an extreme extrovert the first time she takes the test and an extreme introvert the next time she takes it?,This personality test has low reliability but high validity.,The test is probably high in construct validity but isn't very predictive.,These test norms and standardization probably need improvement.,The results indicate that the test has low test-retest reliability.,D
"In the Harlow study of emotional attachment, infant monkeys were placed in a cage and given both a ""wire"" mother and a ""cloth"" mother. Researchers then moved a bottle of milk from one mother to the other while introducing various stimuli to see if the monkeys would form an attachment to either of the ""mothers."" In this experiment, the independent variable is","with which ""mother"" the bottle of milk is placed","the ""wire"" mother versus the ""cloth"" mother",the preference of the infants for the source of milk,"the preference of the infants for the ""wire"" mother",A
"To treat Zoe's anorexia nervosa, her doctors put her on intravenous feeding tubes, tried to change her irrational belief that she was too fat, and discussed how her early family relationships may have contributed to her current problems. This approach would best be classified as",cognitive behavioral.,biological.,psychodynamic.,eclectic.,D
